Статья
Метаболизм холестерина в макрофагах
Нарушение метаболизма липидов может приводить к развитию патологических процессов. Атеросклероз является хроническим заболеванием, которое характеризуется атеросклеротическими поражениями в результате накопления липидов в стенках магистральных сосудов. Из-за накопления холестерина внутри атеросклеротических поражений макрофаги дифференцируются в пенистые клетки. Поглощение липидов макрофагами может осуществляться рецептор-зависимым путем, в котором принимают участие рецепторы к липопротеинам низкой плотности и скэвенджер-рецепторы SR-A, CD36 и LOX- 1, а также рецептор-независимым - за счет пино- и фагоцитоза. Внутриклеточную регуляцию липидов осуществляют различные ферменты, такие как АСАТ-1 и NCEH, ферменты путей биосинтеза и окисления жирных кислот, а также транскрипционные факторы - SREBP, Nrfl и Nrf2. В регуляции оттока холестерина из клеток решающую роль играют липопротеины высокой плотности и такие белки-переносчики, как ABCA1, ABCG1 и SR-BI. Регуляцию всех участников метаболизма липидов осуществляют различные сигнальные киназные пути, активирующие множество транскрипционных факторов - LXR, RXR, PPARy, NF-kB и другие. Нарушение регуляции процессов внутриклеточного метаболизма, дисбаланс поглощения и оттока холестерина из макрофагов в конечном счете приводят к их дифференцировке в пенистые клетки. Цель данного обзора состоит в описании известных механизмов метаболизма липидов в макрофагах, приводящих к превращению этих клеток в пенистые.
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