Статья
ЭЭСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ МОДЕЛИ МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОГО СИНДРОМА
Распространенность метаболического синдрома (МС) в современном обществе прогрессивно увеличивается в течение последних лет, что становится причиной повышенной заболеваемости и смертности. Использование экспериментальных моделей позволяет понять причины развития и прогрессирования МС, исследовать потенциальные методы его профилактики и лечения. МС представляет собой многофакторный комплекс патологических изменений, и выбор адекватной экспериментальной модели является основополагающим в изучении данного состояния. В этом обзоре обсуждаются наиболее распространенные генетические модели, используемые для изучения МС, а также методики моделирования данного синдрома путем внешних воздействий.
1. Reaven G.M. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease // Diabetes. — 1988. — Vol. 37, № 12. — P. 1595–1607.
2. Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., Shaw J., IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome — a new worldwide definition // Lancet. — 2005. — Vol. 366, № 9491. — P. 1059–1062.
3. Aschner P. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for diabetes // Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. — 2010. — Vol. 8, № 3. — P. 407–412.
4. Isomaa B., Almgren P., Tuomi T. et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome // Diabetes Care. — 2001. — Vol. 24, № 4. — P. 683–689.
5. Vanni E., Bugianesi E., Kotronen A. et al. From the metabolic syndrome to NAFLD or vice versa? // Digest. Liver Dis. — 2010. — Vol. 42, № 5. — P. 320–330.
6. Ferdinand K.C., Rodriguez F., Nasser S.A. Cardiorenal metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risks in minority populations // Cardiorenal. Med. — 2014. — Vol. 4, № 1. — P. 1–11.
7. Extermann M. Metabolic syndrome and cancer: from bedside to bench and back // Interdiscip. Top. Gerontol. — 2013. — Vol. 38. — P. 49–60.
8. Rees D.A., Alcolado J.C. Animal models of diabetes mellitus // Diabet. Med. — 2005. — Vol. 22, № 4. — P. 359–370.
9. Zucker L.M. Hereditary obesity in the rat associated with hyperlipemia // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. — 1965. — Vol. 131, № 1. — P. 447–458.
10. White D.W., Wang D.W., Chua S.C. Jr. et al. Constitutive and impaired signaling of leptin receptors containing the Gln → Pro extracellular domain fatty mutation // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. — 1997. — Vol. 94, № 20. — P. 10657–10662.
11. Hardie L.J., Rayner D.V., Holmes S. et al. Circulating leptin levels are modulated by fasting, cold exposure and insulin administration in lean but not Zucker (fa/fa) rats as measured by ELISA // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. — 1996. — Vol. 223, № 3. — P. 660–665.
12. Cleary M.P., Vasselli J.R., Greenwood M.R. Development of obesity in Zucker obese (fafa) rat in absence of hyperphagia // Am. J. Physiol. — 1980. — Vol. 238, № 3. — P. 284–292.
13. Cushman S.W., Zarnowski M.J., Franzusoff A.J. et al. Alterations in glucose metabolism and its stimulation by insulin in isolated adipose cells during the development of genetic obesity in the Zucker fatty rat // Metabolism. — 1978. — Vol. 27, № 12. — P. 1930–1940.
14. Shino A., Matsuo T., Iwatsuka H. et al. Structural changes of pancreatic islets in genetically obese rats // Diabetologia. — 1973. — Vol. 9, № 5. — P. 413–421.
15. Pick A., Clark J., Kubstrup C. et al. Role of apoptosis in failure of beta-cell mass compensation for insulin resistance and beta-cell defects in the male Zucker diabetic fatty rat // Diabetes. — 1998. — Vol. 47, № 3. — P. 358–364.
16. Peterson R.G., Shaw W.N., Neel M. et al. Zucker diabetic fatty rat as a model for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus // Ilar. J. — 1990. — Vol. 32, № 3. — P. 16–19.
17. Mizuno M., Sada T., Kato M. et al. Renoprotective effects of blockade of angiotensin II AT1 receptors in an animal model of type 2 diabetes // Hypertens. Res. — 2002. — Vol. 25, № 2. — P. 271–278.
18. Clark J.B., Palmer C.J., Shaw W.N. The diabetic Zucker fatty rat // Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. — 1983. — Vol. 173, № 1. — P. 68–75.
19. Sparks J.D., Phung T.L., Bolognino M. et al. Lipoprotein alterations in 10- and 20-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty rats: hyperinsulinemic versus insulinopenic hyperglycemia // Metabolism. — 1998. — Vol. 47, № 11. — P. 1315–1324.
20. Liao W., Angelin B., Rudling M. Lipoprotein metabolism in the fat Zucker rat: reduced basal expression but normal regulation of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptors // Endocrinology. — 1997. — Vol. 138, № 8. — P. 3276–3282.
21. Lash J.M., Sherman W.M., Hamlin R.L. Capillary basement membrane thickness and capillary density in sedentary and trained obese Zucker rats // Diabetes. — 1989. — Vol. 38, № 7. — P. 854–860.
22. Suzaki Y., Ozawa Y., Kobori H. Intrarenal oxidative stress and augmented angiotensinogen are precedent to renal injury in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. // Int. J. Biol. Sci. — 2006. — Vol. 3, № 1. — P. 40–46.
23. Kurtz T.W., Morris R.C., Pershadsingh H.A. The Zucker fatty rat as a genetic model of obesity and hypertension // Hypertension. — 1989. — Vol. 13, № 6. — P. 896–901.
24. Koletsky S. Obese spontaneously hypertensive rats — a model for study of atherosclerosis // Exp. Mol. Pathol. — 1973. — Vol. 19, № 1. — P. 53–60.
25. Aleixandre de Artiñano A., Miguel Castro M. Experimental rat models to study the metabolic syndrome // Br. J. Nutr. — 2009. — Vol. 102, № 9. — P. 1246–1253.
26. Ernsberger P., Koletsky R.J., Friedman J.E. Molecular pathology in the obese spontaneous hypertensive Koletsky rat: a model of syndrome X // Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. — 1999. — Vol. 892. — P. 272–288.
27. Koletsky S. Pathologic findings and laboratory data in a new strain of obese hypertensive rats // Am. J. Pathol. — 1975. — Vol. 80, № 1. — P. 129–142.
28. Ernsberger P., Koletsky R.J., Kline D.D. et al. The SHROB model of syndrome X: effects of excess dietary sucrose // Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. — 1999. — Vol. 892. — P. 315–318.
29. Koletsky R.J., Velliquette R.A., Ernsberger P. The role of I(1)-imidazoline receptors and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in the SHROB model of metabolic syndrome X // Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. — 2003. — Vol. 1009. — P. 251–261.
30. Michaelis O.E., Ellwood K.C., Judge J.M. et al. Effect of dietary sucrose on the SHR/N-corpulent rat: a new model for insulinindependent diabetes // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. — 1984. — Vol. 39, № 4. — P. 612–618.
31. Friedman J.M. Leptin and the regulation of body weight // Keio. J. Med. — 2011. — Vol. 60, № 1. — P. 1–9.
32. Chan T.M., Young K.M., Hutson N.J. et al. Hepatic metabolism of genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. I. Carbohydrate metabolism // Am. J. Physiol. — 1975. — Vol. 229, № 6. — P. 1702–1712.
33. Nishina P.M., Lowe S., Wang J. et al. Characterization of plasma lipids in genetically obese mice: the mutants obese, diabetes, fat, tubby, and lethal yellow // Metabolism. — 1994. — Vol. 43, № 5. — P. 549–553.
34. Moran T.H., Bi S. Hyperphagia and obesity in OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors // Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol Sci. — 2006. — Vol. 361, № 1471. — P. 1211–1218.
35. Kawano K., Hirashima T., Mori S. et al. OLETF (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) rat: a new NIDDM rat strain // Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. — 1994. — Vol. 24, Suppl. — P. S317– 320.
36. Yagi K., Kim S., Wanibuchi H. et al. Characteristics of diabetes, blood pressure, and cardiac and renal complications in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats // Hypertension. — 1997. — Vol. 29, № 3. — P. 728–735.
37. Кроненберг Г.М., Мелмед Ш., Полонски К.С. и др. Эндокринология по Вильямсу. Сахарный диабет и нарушения углеводного обмена. — М.: Рид Элсивер, 2010. — 437 с. / Cronenberg G.M., Melmed Sh., Polonsky K.S. et al. Endocrinology according to Williams. Diabetes mellitus and cardbohydrate metabolism disorders. — Moscow, Read Elsevier, 2010. — 437 p..
38. Bisbis S., Bailbe D., Tormo M.A. et al. Insulin resistance in the GK rat: decreased receptor number but normal kinase activity in liver // Am. J. Physiol. — 1993. — Vol. 265, № 5, Pt. 1. — P. 807–813.
39. Akiyama S., Katsumata S., Suzuki K. et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of hesperidin and cyclodextrin-clathrated hesperetin in Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes // Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. — 2009. — Vol. 73, № 12. — P. 2779–2782.
40. Miralles F., Portha B. Early development of beta-cells is impaired in the GK rat model of type 2 diabetes // Diabetes. — 2001. — Vol. 50, Suppl. 1. — P. S84–S88.
41. Janssen U., Phillips A.O., Floege J. Rodent models of nephropathy associated with type II diabetes // J. Nephrol. — 1999. — Vol. 12, № 3. — P. 159–172.
42. Murakawa Y., Zhang W., Pierson C.R. et al. Impaired glucose tolerance and insulinopenia in the GK rat causes peripheral neuropathy // Diabetes. Metab. Res. Rev. — 2002. — Vol. 18, № 6. — P. 473–483.
43. Sone H., Kawakami Y., Okuda Y. et al. Ocular vascular endothelial growth factor levels in diabetic rats are elevated before observable retinal proliferative changes // Diabetologia. — 1997. — Vol. 40, № 6. — P. 726–730.
44. Gupte S., Labinskyy N., Gupte R. et al. Role of NAD(P) H oxidase in superoxide generation and endothelial dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats as a model of nonobese NIDDM // PLoS One. — 2010. — Vol. 5, № 7. — e11800.
45. Schrijvers B.F., De Vriese A.S., van de Voorde J. et al. Long-term renal changes in the Goto-Kakizaki rat, a model of lean type 2 diabetes // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. — 2004. — Vol. 19, № 5. — P. 1092–1097.
46. van den Brandt J., Kovács P., Klöting I. Features of the metabolic syndrome in the spontaneously hypertriglyceridemic Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W (RT1u Haplotype) rat // Metabolism. — 2000. — Vol. 49, № 9. — P. 1140–1144.
47. van den Brandt J., Kovacs P., Klöting I. Metabolic syndrome and aging in Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W rats // Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. — 2002. — Vol. 26, № 4. — P. 573–576.
48. Galagudza M.M., Nekrasova M.K., Syrenskii A.V. et al. Resistance of the myocardium to ischemia and the efficacy of ischemic preconditioning in experimental diabetes mellitus // Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. — 2007. — Vol. 37, № 5. — P. 489–493.
49. Sinzato Y.K., Lima P.H., de Campos K.E. et al. Neonatallyinduced diabetes: lipid profile outcomes and oxidative stress status in adult rats // Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. — 2009. — Vol. 55, № 4. — P. 384–388.
50. Кравчук Е.Н., Гринёва Е.Н., Галагудза М.М., Костарева А.А., Байрамов А.А. Роль АМФ-активируемой протеинкиназы в изменении устойчивости миокарда к ишемическому и реперфузионному повреждению под действием метформина при сахарном диабете типа 2 // Артериальная гипертензия. — 2012. — Т. 18, № 3. — С. 206–212. / Kravchuk E.N., Grineva E.N., Galagoudza M.M., Kostareva A.A., Bairamov A.A. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in myocardial tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relation to metformin therapy // Arterial Hypertension. — 2012. — Vol. 18, № 3. — Р. 206– 212.
51. Kravchuk E., Grineva E., Bairamov A. et al. The effect of metformin on the myocardial tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat model of diabetes mellitus type II // Exp. Diabetes Res. — 2011. — Vol. 2011. — P. 907496.
52. Menard S.L., Croteau E., Sarrhini O. et al. Abnormal in vivo myocardial energy substrate uptake in diet-induced type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats // Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. — 2010. — Vol. 298, № 5. — P. 1049–1057.
53. Ju C., Yue W., Yang Z. et al. Antidiabetic effect and mechanism of chitooligosaccharides // Biol. Pharm. Bull. — 2010. — Vol. 33, № 9. — P. 1511–1516.
54. Wilkes J.J., Bonen A., Bell R.C. A modified high-fat diet induces insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle but not adipocytes // Am. J. Physiol. — 1998. — Vol. 275, № 4, Pt. 1. — P. 679–686.
55. Wang H., Storlien L.H., Huang X.F. Effects of dietary fat types on body fatness, leptin, and ARC leptin receptor, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression // Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. — 2002. — Vol. 282, № 6. — P. 1352–1359.
56. Buettner R., Parhofer K.G., Woenckhaus M. et al. Defining high-fat-diet rat models: metabolic and molecular effects of different fat types // J. Mol. Endocrinol. — 2006. — Vol. 36, № 3. — P. 485–501.
57. Lê K.A., Tappy L. Metabolic effects of fructose // Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. — 2006. — Vol. 9, № 4. — P. 469–475.
58. Panchal S.K., Poudyal H., Iyer A. et al. High-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular remodeling in rats // J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. — 2011. — Vol. 57, № 5. — P. 611–624.
59. Poudyal H., Campbell F., Brown L. Olive leaf extract attenuates cardiac, hepatic, and metabolic changes in high carbohydrate-, high fat-fed rats // J. Nutr. — 2010. — Vol. 140, № 5. — P. 946–953.
60. Fellman L., Nascimento A.R., Tibirica E. et al. Murine models for pharmacological studies of the metabolic syndrome // Pharmacol. Ther. — 2013. — Vol. 137, № 3. — P. 331–340.
61. Ziv E., Shafrir E., Kalman R., Galer S., Bar-On H. Changing pattern of prevalence of insulin resistance in Psammomys obesus, a model of nutritionally induced type 2 diabetes // Metabolism. — 1999. — Vol. 48, № 12. — P. 1549–1554.
62. Chaabo F., Pronczuk A., Maslova E., Hayes K. Nutritional correlates and dynamics of diabetes in the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus): a novel model for diet-induced type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome // Nutr. Metab. — 2010. — Vol. 7. — P. 29.
63. Marquie G., Hadjiisky P., Arnaud O., Duhault J. Development of macroangiopathy in sand rats (Psammomys obesus), an animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effect of gliclazide // Am. J. Med. — 1991. — Vol. 90, № 6А. — P. 55–61.