Статья
Неинвазивные методы исследования динамики артериального давления
В работе рассматриваются основные методы автоматического неинвазивного измерения артериального давления (АД), применяемые для длительного мониторирования. Обсуждаются преимущества и недостатки дискретного измерения АД по тонам Короткова (ТК) и по осцилляциям в плечевой манжете. В настоящее время АД принято измерять во время дефляции манжеты. При этом давление в ней должно быть поднято на величину порядка 20–30 мм рт. ст. выше систолического. Поскольку величина АД до измерения может быть неизвестна, увеличивается риск поднятия давления в манжете выше оптимального. Поэтому в последнее время предлагаются методы определения АД во время инфляции манжеты. При этом величина АД, определенная как по ТК, так и по осциллометрии, отличается от таковой во время дефляции манжеты. Разница меняется с возрастом и уровнем АД и в ряде случаев оказывается клинически значимой. Обсуждаются причины и следствия таких различий. В отделениях интенсивной терапии и в операционных требуется непрерывное измерение АД. По сравнению с дискретным измерением оно позволяет своевременно выявлять гипотензию, оценивать ее длительность, что способствует улучшению ведения больных. Инвазивный метод определения имеет известные ограничения и осложнения, что стимулировало разработку приборов для неинвазивного контроля. Несмотря на проводимые сравнения их точности с другими методами измерения, этот вопрос продолжает дискутироваться. Рассмотренным в настоящем обзоре методам неинвазивного контроля уровня АД свойственны как достоинства, так и ограничения, что определяет необходимость дальнейших исследований в этой области.
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