Статья
ПИЩЕВЫЕ ЖИРНЫЕ КИСЛОТЫ. ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РИСК БОЛЕЗНЕЙ СИСТЕМЫ КРОВООБРАЩЕНИЯ
Представлен аналитический обзор данных мировой литературы об особенностях влияния на развитие болезней системы кровообращения и их острых осложнений, обусловленных атеротромбозом, общего потребления и соотношения в потребляемых людьми жирах жирных кислот различной насыщенности водородом с различным количеством двойных связей, различной длиной углеводородной цепи, различной геометрической конфигурацией молекул. Показано, что не столько общее количество потребляемого насыщенного жира усугубляет риск болезней системы кровообращения, сколько определяющим моментом является состав жира. Полезным следует считать физиологичное количество насыщенных жирных кислот (8-10%), сочетающееся с наличием полиненасыщенных жирных кислот , особенно n-3 длинноцепочечных, значительным (до 20% калорийности) количеством мононенасыщенных жирных кислот , очень малым количеством транс-форм жирных кислот. Такой жировой продукт можно использовать в антиатерогенной диете.
1. Klimov A.N, Nikul'cheva N.G. Exchange of lipids and lipoproteins and its disorders. St. Petersburg: Piter; 2000. Russian (Климов А.Н, Никульчева Н.Г. Обмен липидов и липопротеидов и его нарушения. СПб: Питер; 2000).
2. Perova N.V. Lipid disorders, their diagnosis and correction. In: Oganov R.G., Fomina I.G., eds. Heart diseases. Moscow: Littera; 2006. P.125-172. Russian (Перова Н.В. Нарушения липидного обмена, их диагностика и коррекция. В Оганов Р.Г., Фомина И.Г., редакторы. Болезни сердца. М.: Литтера; 2006. С.125-172).
3. Gertser H. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic actid and docosahexaenoic acid. Intern J Vit Nutr Res 1998;68:159-173.
4. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, and Krauss RM. Saturated fat, carbohydrate , and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:502-509.
5. Coronary heart disease: reducing the risk. The scientific background for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. A worldwide view prepared by International Task Force for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in cooperation with the International Atherosclerosis Society. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1998; 8:205-272.
6. Clarke R., Frost C., Collins R. et al. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. Br Med J 1997; 314:112-117.
7. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the second joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention.Eur Heart J 1998;19:1434-1503.
8. Kromhout D., Menotti A., Bloemberg B et al. Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: The Seven Countries Study. Prev Med 1995; 24:308-315.
9. Keys A., Menotti A., Karvonen M.J. et al. The diet and 15 – year death rate in the Seven Countries Study. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124:903-915.
10. WHO: Diet, nutrition and prevention of chronic diseases. Report of WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series 916. Geneva: WHO; 2003.
11. Huijbregts P., Feskens E., Räsänen L et al. Dietary pattern and 20 year mortality in elderly men in Finkand, Italy and the Netherlands:Longitudinal cohort sudy. Br Med J 1997;315:13-17.
12. Trichopoulou A., Kouris –Blazos A., Wahlqvist ML et al. Diet and overal survival in elderly people Br Med J 1995;311:1457-1460.
13. De Lorgeril M., Salen P., Martin JL., et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lion Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999;99:779-785.
14. Pietinen P., Ascherio A., Korhonen P., et al. Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men.Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:876-887.
15. Djousse L., Pankow JS., Eckfeldt JH., et al. Relation between dietary linolenic acid and coronary artery disease in the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:612-619.
16. Mori T.A., Beilin L.J. Long-cain omega 3 fatty acids, blood lipids and cardiovascular risk reduction. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2001, 12:11-17
17. Hornstra G. Influence of dietary fat type on arterial thrombosis tendency.J Nutr Health and Ageing 2001;5:160-166.
18. GISSI-Pevenzione Investigators (Gruppo Italiano per le Studio della Sopravvivenza ne′infarto miocardico). Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardail infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 1999;354:447-455.
19. GISSI Prevenzione Trial. Circulation 2002; 105:1897-1903.
20. Din J.N. Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease – fishing for natural treatment. BMJ 2004;328:30-35.
21. Parks E.J., Hellerstein M.K. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms.Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:412–433.
22. Howard B.V., Van Horn L., Hsia J., et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006;295:655– 666.
23. Tucker K.L., Hallfrisch .J, Qiao N., Muller D., Andres R., Fleg J.L. The combination of high fruit and vegetable and low saturated fat intakes is more protective against mortality in aging men than is either alone: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Nutr 2005;135:556–561.
24. Mensink R.P., Katan M.B. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12: 911–919.
25. Hodson L., Skeaff C.M., Chisholm W.A. The effect of replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat on plasma lipids in free-living young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55:908–915.
26. Muller H., Lindman A.S., Brantsaeter A.L., Pedersen J.I. The serum LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio is influenced more favorably by exchanging saturated with unsaturated fat than by reducing saturated fat in the diet of women. J Nutr 2003;133:78–83.
27. Fielding C.J., Havel R.J., Todd K.M., et al. Effects of dietary cholesterol and fat saturation on plasma lipoproteins in an ethnically diverse population of healthy young men. J Clin Invest 1995;95:611–618.
28. Cortese C., Levy Y., Janus E.D., et al. Modes of action of lipid-lowering diets in man: studies of apolipoprotein B kinetics in relation to fat consumption and dietary fatty acid composition. Eur J Clin Invest 1983;13:79–85.
29. Shepherd J., Packard C.J., Grundy S.M., Yeshurun D., Gotto A.M., Taunton O.D. Effects of saturated and polyunsaturated fat diets on the chemical composition and metabolism of low density lipoproteins in man. J Lipid Res 1980;21:91–99.
30. Mensink R.P., Zock P.L., Kester A.D., Katan M.B. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1146–1155.
31. Grundy S.M. Atherogenic dyslipidemia associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Clin Cornerstone 2006;8(suppl 1):S21–27.
32. Knopp R.H., Retzlaff B., Walden C., et al. One-year effects of increasingly fat-restricted, carbohydrate-enriched diets on lipoprotein levels in free-living subjects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2000;225:191–199.
33. Sacks F.M., Katan M. Randomized clinical trials on the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2002;113(suppl 9B):13S–24S.
34. Berneis K.K., Krauss R.M. Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity. J Lipid Res 2002;43:1363–1379.
35. Dreon D.M., Fernstrom H.A., Campos H., et al. Change in dietary saturated fat intake is correlated with change in mass of large low-density-lipoprotein particles in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:828– 836.
36. Callow J., Summers L.K., Bradshaw H., Frayn K.N. Changes in LDL particle composition after the consumption of meals containing different amounts and types of fat. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:345–350.
37. Wiberg .B, Sundstrom J., Arnlov J., et al. Metabolic risk factors for stroke and transient ischemic attacks in middle-aged men: a community-based study with long-term follow-up. Stroke 2006;37:2898– 2903.
38. Knopp R.H., Fish B., Dowdy A., et al. A moderate-fat diet for combined hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006;8: 492–500.
39. Ordovas J.M., Lopez-Miranda J., Mata P., et al. Gene-diet interaction in determining plasma lipid response to dietary intervention. Atherosclerosis 1995;118(suppl): S11–27.
40. Dreon D.M., Fernstrom H.A., Miller B., Krauss R.M. Apolipoprotein Eisoform phenotype and LDL subclass response to a reduced-fat diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:105–111.
41. Rasmussen B.M., Vessby B., Uusitupa M., et al. Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 fatty acids on blood pressure in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:221–226.
42. Marshall J.A., Bessesen D.H., Hamman R.F. High saturated fat and low starch and fibre are associated with hyperinsulinaemia in a non-diabetic population: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 1997;40: 430–438.
43. Shi H., Kokoeva M.V., Inouye K., et al. TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2006;116:3015–3025.
44. Lee J.Y., Sohn K.H., Rhee S.H., Hwang D. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4. J Biol Chem 2001;276: 16683–16689.
45. Baer D.J., Judd J.T., Clevidence B.A., Tracy R.P. Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: a randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:969–973.
46. Bellido C., Lopez-Miranda J., Blanco-Colio L.M., et al. Butter and walnuts, but not olive oil, elicit postprandial activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1487–1491.
47. Seo T., Qi K., Chang C., et al. Saturated fat-rich diet enhances selective uptake of LDL cholesteryl esters in the arterial wall. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2214–2222.
48. Nicholls S.J., Lundman P., Harmer J.A., et al. Consumption of saturated fat impairs the anti-inflammatory properties of high-density lipoproteins and endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:715–720.
49. Masterjohn C. The anti-inflammatory properties of safflower oil and coconut oil may be mediated by their respective concentrations of vitamin E. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1825–1826.
50. Travisan M., Krogh V., Freudenheim J. et al. Consumption of olive oil, butter and vegetable oils and coronary heart disease risk factors. JAMA 1990; 263:688-692.
51. Ocke M., Oomen C., Feskens E.,et al. Association between trans fatty acid intake and 10-year risk of coronary heart in the Zutphen Elderly Study:A prospective population-based study.Lancet 2001;357:746-775.
52. Van Popel G., on behalf of the TRANSFAIR Study Group. Intake of trans fatty acids in western Europe: The TRANSFAIR Study. Lancet 1998, 351:1099.
53. Keys A. Mediterranean diet and public health: personal reflections. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 61:1321S-1323S.
54. Zevenbergen H., de Bree A., Zeelenberg M. et al. Foods with highs Fat quality are essential for healthy diets. Ann Nutr Metab 2009:54(suppl 1);15-24.
55. Katan M.B. Trans fatty acids and plasma lipoproteins. Nutrition Reviews, 2000, 58: 188-191.
56. Siri-Tarino P.W., Sun Q., Hu F.B., Krauss R.M. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:535–546.
57. Mente A., de Koning L., Shannon H.S., Anand S.S. A systematic review оf the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2009;169: 659–669.