Статья
СЕРДЕЧНАЯ РЕСИНХРОНИЗИРУЮЩАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ. ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПОКАЗАНИЙ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ПОВЫШЕНИЮ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ МЕТОДА
Статья посвящена сердечной ресинхронизирующей терапии (СРТ) – методу лечения хронической сердечной недостаточности посредством бивентрикулярной кардиостимуляции. В статье рассматривается история развития метода от первых попыток устранения диссинхронии сердца до настоящего времени. За последние 20 лет метод претерпел существенное изменение как в плане технического совершенствования имплантируемых устройств и электродов, так и в плане формирования современных показаний к его применению. В статье изучается динамика изменений показаний и критериев отбора пациентов на основе результатов клинических исследований по изучению эффективности метода. Приводятся современные показания для применения СРТ и существующая доказательная база, лежащая в их основе. Описываются современные подходы и технологии, направленные на повышение эффективности метода СРТ.
1. Мареев В.Ю., Фомин И.В., Агеев Ф.Т., Арутюнов Г.П., Беграмбекова Ю.Л., Беленков Ю.Н. и др. Клинические рекомендации. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность (ХСН). Сердечная Недостаточность 2017;18(1):3-40.
2. Терещенко С.Н., Жиров И.В. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность в XXI веке. Терапевтический архив 2011;9:60-66.
3. Masoudi F.A., Havranek E.P., Smith G., Fish R.H., Steiner J.F., Ordin D.L., Krumholz H.M. Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 41: 217-23.
4. Havranek E.P., Masoudi F.A., Westfall K.A., Wolfe P., Ordin D.L., Krumholz H.M. Spectrum of heart failure in older patients: Results from the National Heart Failure Project. Am. Heart J. 2002; 143:412-417.
5. Shenkman H.J., McKinnon J.E., Khandelwal A.K., Pampati V., Nori D.M., McCullough P.A. Determinants of QRS Prolongation in a Generalized Heart Failure Population: Findings from the Conquest Study. Circulation. 2000; 102 (18 Suppl II): 617.
6. Schoeller R., Andresen D., Buttner P., Oezcelik K., Vey G., Schröder R. First-or second-degree atrioventricular block as a risk factor in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Cardiol. 1993; 71:720-726.
7. Aaronson K., Schwartz J.S., Chen T., Wong K.L., Goin J.E., Mancini D.M. Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation. 1997;95:2660–2667.
8. Farwell D., Patel N.R., Hall A., Ralph S., Sulke A.N. How many people with heart failure are appropriate for biventricular resynchronization? Eu.r Heart. J. 2000; 21:1246-1250. DOI: 10.1053/euhj.1999.1985
9. Wiggers C.J. The muscular reactions of the mammalian ventricles to artificial surface stimuli. Am J Physiol. 1925; 73:346–78.
10. Vagnini F.J., Gourin A., Antell H.I., Stuckey J.H. Implantation sites of cardiac pacemaker electrodes and myocardial contractility. Ann Thorac Surg. 1967;4:431–439.
11. Tyers G.F. Comparison of the effect on cardiac function of single-site and simultaneous multiple-site ventricular stimulation after A-V block. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1970; 59:211–217.
12. Gibson D.G., Chamberlain D.A., Coltart D.J., Mercer J. Effect of changes in ventricular activation on cardiac haemodynamics in man. Comparison of right ventricular, left ventricular, and simultaneous pacing of both ventricles. Br Heart J. 1971;33:397–400.
13. De Teresa E., Chamoro J.L., Pupon A. An even more physiological pacing: changing the sequence of ventricular activation. In: Steinbach E, ed. Proceedings of the VIIth World Congress on Cardiac Pacing, Vienna, Austria; 1983. p.95–100.
14. Grines C.L., Bashore T.M., Boudoulas H., Olson S., Shafer P., Wooley C.F. Functional Abnormalities in Isolated Left Bundle Branch Block; The Effect of Interventricular Asynchrony. Circulation. 1989; 79:845-853.
15. Gottipaty VK, Krelis SP, Lu F et al. The resting electrocardiogram provides a sensitive and inexpensive marker of prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(Suppl. A):145A.
16. Baldasseroni S., Opasich C., Gorini M., Lucci D., Marchionni N., Marini M., Campana C., Perini G., Deorsola A., Masotti G., Tavazzi L., Maggioni A.P.; Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Left bundle-branch block is associated with increased 1-year sudden and total mortality rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from the Italian network on congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002;143:398–405.
17. Iuliano S., Fisher S.G., Karasik P.E., Fletcher R.D., Singh S.N.; Department of Veterans Affair Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. QRS duration and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002;143:1085–91.
18. Cazeau S., Ritter P., Bakdach S., Lazarus A., Limousin M., Henao L., Mundler O., Daubert J.C., Mugica J. Four chamber pacing in dilated cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1994;17:1974–197.
19. Daubert J.C., Ritter P., Le Breton H., Gras D., Leclercq C., Lazarus A., Mugica J., Mabo P., Cazeau S. Permanent left ventricular pacing with transvenous leads inserted into the coronary veins. PACE. 1998; 21: 239-245.
20. Blanc J.J., Etienne Y., Gillard M., Mansourati J., Munier S., Boschat J., Benditt D.G., Lurie K.G. Evaluation of different ventricular pacing sites in patients with severe heart failure. Circulation. 1997; 96: 3273-3277.
21. Auriccio A., Salo R. Acute hemodynamic improvement by pacing in patients with severe congestive heart failure. PACE. 1997; 20: 313-324.
22. Kass D.A., Chen C.H., Curry C., Talbot M., Berger R., Fetics B., Nevo E. Improved left ventricular mechanics from acute VDD pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular conduction delay. Circulation. 1999; 99:1567-1573.
23. Leclercq C., Cazeau S., Le Breton H., Ritter P., Mabo P., Gras D., Pavin D., Lazarus A., Daubert J.C. Acute hemodynamic effects of biventricular DDD pacing in patients with end-stage heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1998; 32:1825-1831.
24. Kim W.Y, Sogaard P., Mortensen P.T., Jensen H. K., Pedersen A.K., Kristensen B., Egeblad H. Three dimensional echocardiography documents haemodynamic improvement by biventricular pacing in patients with severe heart failure. Heart. 2001; 85: 514-520.
25. Jais P, Shah DC, Takahashi A. et al. Endocardial biventricular pacing. Eur. Heart. J. 2000; 21:192A.
26. Reuter S., Garrigue S., Bordachar P., Hocini M., Jaïs P., Haïssaguerre M., Clementy J. Intermediate-term results of biventricular pacing in heart failure: Correlation between clinical and hemodynamic data. PACE. 2000; 23:1713-1717.
27. Yu C.M., Chau E., Sanderson J.E., Fan K., Tang M.O., Fung W.H. et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of reverse remodeling and improved synchronicity by simultaneously delaying regional contraction after biventricular pacing therapy in heart failure. Circulation. 2002; 105: 438-445.
28. Auricchio A., Stellbrink C., Sack S., Block M., Vogt J., Bakker P. et al. Long-term clinical effect of hemodynamically optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and ventricular conduction delay. (PATH-CHF, 2002). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:2026-33.
29. Butter C, Auricchio A, Stellbrink C., Fleck E., Ding J., Yu Y., Huvelle E. et al. Effect of Resynchronization Therapy Stimulation Site on the Systolic Function of Heart Failure Patients (PATH-CHF-II). Circulation. 2001;104:3026-3029.
30. Cazeau S., Leclercq C., Lavergne T., Walker S., Varma C., Linde C., Garrigue S. et al. Multisite Stimulation in Cardiomyopathies (MUSTIC SR) Study Investigators: Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 344: 873-880.
31. Leclercq C., Walker S., Linde C., Clementy J., Marshall A.J., Ritter P. et al. Comparative effects of permanent biventricular and right-univentricular pacing in heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1780-1787.
32. Abraham W.T., Fisher W.G., Smith A.L., Delurgio D.B., Leon A.R., Loh E., Kocovic D.Z. et al. for the MIRACLE Study Group. Cardiac Resynchronization in Chronic Heart Failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002; 346: 1845-1853.
33. Cleland J.G.F., Daubert J.C., Erdmann E., Freemantle N., Gras D., Kappenberger L. et al. The CARE-HF study (Cardiac Resynchronisation in Heart Failure study): rationale, design and end-points. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2001; 3:481-489.
34. Cleland J.G.F., Daubert J.C., Erdmann E., Freemantle N., Gras D., Kappenberger L., Tavazzi L. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. (CARE-HF) N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352:1539–1549.
35. Cleland J.G.F., Daubert J.C., Erdmann E., Freemantle N., Gras D., Kappenberger L., Tavazzi L. Long-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on mortality in heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 2006; 27:1928-1932.
36. Doshi R.N., Daoud E.G., Fellows C., Turk K., Duran A., Hamdan M.H., Pires L.A. Left Ventricular-Based Cardiac Stimulation Post AV Nodal Ablation Evaluation (the PAVE study). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:1160-1165.
37. Eldadah ZA, Strickberger SA. PAVEing the way for cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:1166-1167.
38. Young JB, Abraham WT, Smith AL. et al. Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial. JAMA 2003;289:2685-94.
39. Abraham W.T., Young J.B., Leon A.R., Lieberman R., Wilkoff B., Canby R.C. et al. Effects of cardiac resynchronization on disease progression in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, an indication for an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator, and mildly symptomatic chronic heart failure. (MIRACLE-ICD-II, 2004). Circulation 2004;110:2864-2868.
40. Higgins S.L., Hummel J.D., Niazi I.K., Giudici M.C., Worley S.J., Saxon L.A. et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for the treatment of heart failure in patients with intraventricular conduction delay and malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Oct 15;42(8):1454-1459.
41. Bristow M.R., Saxon L.A., Boehmer J., Krueger S., Kass D.A., De Marco T. et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350: 2140-2150.
42. Carson P., Anand I., O'Connor C., Jaski B., Steinberg J., Lwin A. et al. Mode of death in advanced heart failure: the Comparison of Medical, Pacing, and Defibrillation Therapies in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005; 46(2):2329 -2334.
43. Hunt S.A., Abraham W.T., Chin M.H., Feldman A. M., Francis G. S., Ganiats T. G. et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult - Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005. Vol.46 (6) :116-1143. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.023
44. Zipes D., Camm A.J., Borggrefe M., Buxton A.E., Chaitman B., Fromer M. et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death - Executive Summary. Eur.Heart J. 2006;27:2099-2140. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl199
45. Swedberg K., Cleland J., Dargie H., Drexler H., Follath F., Komajda M. et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005). The task force for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J.2005. Vol.26:1115-1140. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi204
46. Zipes D., Camm A.J., Borggrefe M., Buxton A.E., Chaitman B., Fromer M. et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death - Executive Summary. Eur.Heart J. 2006;27:2099-2140.
47. Рекомендации Всероссийского научного общества специалистов по клинической электрофизиологии, аритмологии и кардиостимуляции по проведению клинических электрофизиологических исследований, катетерной абляции и имплантации антиаритмических устройств. Москва; 2005. 238 с.
48. Беленков Ю. Н., Васюк Ю. А., Галявич А. С., Глезер М.Г., Даниелян М. О., Коц Я. И. и др. Национальные Рекомендации ВНОК И ОССН по диагностике и лечению ХСН (второй пересмотр). Сердечная Недостаточность. 2007; 8 (1): 4-41.
49. Moss A.J., Hall W.J., Cannom D.S., Klein H., Brown M.W., Daubert J.P. et al. Cardiac-Resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009; 361:1329–1338. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906431.
50. Daubert J.C., Gold M.R., Abraham W.T., Ghio S., Hassager C., Goode G. et al. Prevention of disease progression by cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction: insights from the European cohort of the REVERSE (Resynchronization Reverses Remodeling in Systolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009; 54:1837–1846. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2009.08.011
51. Tang A.S., Wells G.A., Talajic M., Arnold M.O., Sheldon R., Connolly S. et al. Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy for Mild-to-Moderate Heart Failure. N. Engl. J Med. 2010; 363: 2385-95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009540.
52. Dickstein K., Vardas P.E., Auricchio A., Daubert J.C., Linde C., McMurray J. et al. 2010 Focused Update of ESC Guidelines on device therapy in heart failure. An update of the 2008 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure and the 2007 ESC guidelines for cardiac and resynchronization therapy. Eur. Heart J. 2010; 31:2677–2687. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq337
53. Moss A. J., Zareba W., Hall W. J., Klein H., Wilber D.J., Cannom D.S. et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N. Eng. J. Med. 2002; 346:877–883. DOI: 10.1056/ NEJMoa013474
54. Bardy G.H., Lee K.L., Mark D.B., Poole J.E., Packer D.L., Boineau R. et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;352:225–237. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa043399
55. Zareba W., Klein H., Cygankiewicz I., Hall W.J., McNitt S., Brown M. et al. Effectiveness of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy by QRS Morphology in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial - Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT). Circulation. 2011;123:1061-1072. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.960898
56. McMurray J., Adamopoulos S., Anker S., Auricchio A., Böhm M., Dickstein K. et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. Eur. Heart J. 2012; 33:1787–1847. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs104
57. Brignole M., Auricchio A., Baron-Esquivias G., Bordachar P., Boriani G., Breithardt O., Cleland J., Deharo J., Delgado V., M. Elliott P., Gorenek B., W. Israel C., Leclercq C., Linde C., Mont L., Padeletti L., Sutton R., E. Vardas P. Рекомендации по электрокардиостимуляции и сердечной ресинхронизирующей терапии. ESC 2013. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2014;(4):5-63. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2014-4-5-63
58. Ponikowski P., A. Voors A., D. Anker S., Bueno H., G. F. Cleland J., J. S . Coats A., Falk V., González-Juanatey J., Harjola V., A. Jankowska E., Jessup M., Linde C., Nihoyannopoulos P., T . Parissis J., Pieske B., P. Riley J., M. C. Rosano G., M. Ruilope L., Ruschitzka F., H. Rutten F., van der Meer P. Рекомендации ESC по диагностике и лечению острой и хронической сердечной недостаточности 2016. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2017;(1):7-81. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2017-1-7-81
59. Ревишвили А.Ш., Бойцов С.А., Давтян К.В., Зенин С.А., Кузнецов В.А., Купцов В.В. и др. Клинические рекомендации по проведению электрофизиологических исследований, катетерной аблации и применению имплантируемых антиаритмических устройств. Москва; 2017. 701с.
60. Ypenburg C., Van Bommel R.J., Borleffs W. LongTerm Prognosis After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Related to the Extent of Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling at Midterm Follow-Up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(6):483-490.
61. Saba S., Marek J., Schwartzman D., Jain S., Adelstein E., White P. et al. Echocardiography-Guided Left Ventricular Lead Placement for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:427-434. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000078
62. Khan F.Z.,Virdee M.S., Palmer C.R., , Pugh P.J., O'Halloran D., Elsik M . et.al. Targeted Left Ventricular Lead Placement to Guide Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1509–1518. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.030
63. Ploux S, Lumens J, Whinnett Z., Montaudon M., Strom M., Ramanathan C. et al. Noninvasive Electrocardiographic Mapping to Improve Patient Selection for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2435– 2443. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.093
64. Thibault B., Karst E., Ryu K., Paiement P., Farazi T.G. Pacing electrode selection in a quadripolar left heart lead determines presence or absence of phrenic nerve stimulation. Europace .2010;12:751–3.
65. Shetty A.K., Duckett S.G., Bostock J., Roy D., Ginks M., Hamid S. et al. Initial single-center experience of a quadripolar pacing lead for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34:484–9.
66. Forleo G.B., Della Rocca D.G., Papavasileiou L.P., Molfetta A.D., Santini L., Romeo F. Left ventricular pacing with anewquadripolar transvenous lead for CRT: early results of a prospective comparison with conventional implant outcomes. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:31–7.
67. Vado A., Menardi E., Rossetti G., Ballari G., Feola M., Bobbio M. Single-center experience of a quadripolar pacing lead for cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2014;39:161–5.
68. Sperzel J., Danschel W., Gutleben K.J., Kranig W., Mortensen P., Connelly D. et al. First prospective, multi-centre clinical experience with a novel left ventricular quadripolar lead. Europace. 2012;14:365–72.
69. Forleo G.B., Mantica M., Di Biase L., Panattoni G., Della Rocca D.G., Papavasileiou L.P. et al. Clinical and procedural outcome of patients implanted with a quadripolar left ventricular lead: early results of a prospective multicenter study. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:1822–8.
70. Tomassoni G., Baker J., Corbisiero R., Love C., Martin D., Niazi I. et al. Postoperative performance of the Quartetw left ventricular heart lead. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24:449–56.
71. Shetty A.K., Duckett S.G., Bostock J., Rosenthal E., Rinaldi C.A. Use of a quadripolar left ventricular lead to achieve successful implantation in patients with previous failed attempts at cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2011;13:992–6.
72. Arias M.A., Pachon M., Puchol A., Jimenez-Lopez J., Rodriguez-Padial L. Acute and mid-term outcomes of transvenous implant of a new left ventricular quadripolar lead versus bipolar leads for cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from a single center prospective database. Cardiol J. 2012;19:470–8.
73. Mehta P.A., Shetty A.K., Squirrel M., Bostock J., Rinaldi C.A. Elimination of phrenic nerve stimulation occurring during CRT: follow-up in patients implanted with a novel quadripolar pacing lead. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2012;33:43–9.
74. Shetty A.K., Duckett S.G., Ma Y.L., Kapetanakis S., Ginks M., Bostock J. et al. The acute hemodynamic response to LV pacing within individual branches of the coronary sinus using a quadripolar lead. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35:196–203.
75. Asbach S., Hartmann M.,Wengenmayer T., Graf E., Bode C., Biermann J. Vector selection of a quadripolar left ventricular pacing lead affects acute hemodynamic response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a randomized cross-over trial. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8:e67235.
76. Valzania C., Eriksson M.J., Biffi M., Boriani G., Gadler F. Acute changes in electromechanical parameters during different pacing configurations using a quadripolar left ventricular lead. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2013;38:61–9.
77. Varma N. Variegated left ventricular electrical activation in response to a novel quadripolar electrode: visualization by non-invasive electrocardiographic imaging. J Electrocardiol. 2014;47:66–74.
78. Thibault B., Dubuc M., Khairy P., Guerra P.G., Macle L., Rivard L. et al. Acute haemodynamic comparison of multisite and biventricular pacing with a quadripolar left ventricular lead. Europace. 2013;15:984–91.
79. Pappone C., Calovic Z., Vicedomini G., Cuko A., McSpadden L.C., Ryu K. et al. Multipoint left ventricular pacing improves acute hemodynamic response assessed with pressure-volume loops in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:394–401.
80. Rinaldi C.A., KranigW., Leclercq C., Kacet S., Betts T., Bordachar P. et al. Acute effects of multisite left ventricular pacing on mechanical dyssynchrony in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Card Fail. 2013;19:731–8.
81. Rinaldi C.A., Leclercq C,. KranigW., Kacet S., Betts T., Bordachar P. et al. Improvement in acute contractility and hemodynamics with multi-point pacing via a left ventricular quadripolar pacing lead. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2014;40:75–80.
82. Zanon. F, Baracca E., Pastore G., Marcantoni L., Fraccaro C., Lanza D. et al. Multipoint pacing by a left ventricular quadripolar lead improves the acute hemodynamic response to CRT compared with conventional biventricular pacing at any site. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:975–981. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.01.034
83. Shetty A.K., Sohal M., Chen Z., Ginks M.R., Bostock J., Amraoui S. et al. A comparison of left ventricular endocardial withmultisite and multipolar epicardial pacing to achieve cardiac resynchronization: an acute hemodynamic and electro anatomical study in patients with chronic heart failure. Europace. 2014;16:873–9.
84. Sterliński M., Sokal A., Lenarczyk R., Van Heuverswyn F., Rinaldi C.A., Vanderheyden M. et al. In Heart Failure Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block Single Lead MultiSpot Left Ventricular Pacing Does Not Improve Acute Hemodynamic Response To Conventional Biventricular Pacing. A Multicenter Prospective, Interventional, Non-Randomized Study. PLoS ONE. 11(4): e0154024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.015402
85. Antoniadis AP, Sieniewicz B, Gould J., Porter B., Webb J., Claridge S., Behar J.M., Rinaldi C.A. Updates in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Chronic Heart Failure: Review of Multisite Pacing. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep. 2017;14(5):376-383. doi: 10.1007/s11897-017-0350-z.