Статья
Кардиоренальные взаимоотношения: современные представления
Представлены определение и классификация кардиоренального синдрома (КРС) — патологического процесса, развивающегося в сердце или почках, при котором острая или хроническая дисфункция одного органа приводит к острой или хронической недостаточности другого. Обсуждаются патофизиологические механизмы, подходы к диагностике и лечению каждого из клинических вариантов КРС.
1. Моисеев В.С., Кобалава Ж.Д. Кардиоренальный синдром (почечный фактор и повышение риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний). Клин фармак тер 2002; 11(3): 16-8.
2. Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С. Кардиоренальные соотношения и риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вестник РАМН 2003; 11: 50-5.
3. Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С., Кобалава Ж.Д. и др. Кардиоренальные взаимодействия: клиническое значение и роль в патогенезе заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы и почек. Тер архив 2004; 6: 39-46.
4. Schrier RW. Cardiorenal versus renocardiac syndrome: is there a difference? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3: 637.
5. Ronco C. Cardiorenal and renocardiac syndromes: clinical disorders in search of a systematic definition. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 1-2.
6. Liang KV, Williams AW, Greene EL, Redfield MM. Acute decompensated heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: S75-88.
7. Ronco C, House AA, Haapio M. Cardiorenal syndrome: refining the definition of a complex symbiosis gone wrong. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 957-62.
8. Bongartz LG, Cramer MJ, Doevendans PA, et al. The severe cardiorenal syndrome: ‘guyton revisited’. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 11-7.
9. Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the acute decompensated heart failure national registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J 2005; 149: 209-16.
10. Fonarow GC, Stough WG, Abraham WT, et al. Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with preserved systolic function hospitalized for heart failure: a report from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry. JACC 2007; 50: 768-77.
11. Jose P, Skali H, Anavekar N, et al. Increase in creatinine and cardiovascular risk in patients with systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2886-91.
12. Goldberg A, Hammerman H, Petcherski S, et al. Inhospital and 1-year mortality of patients who develop worsening renal function following acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2005; 150: 330-7.
13. Roghi A, Savonitto S, Cavallini C, et al. Impact of acute renal failure following percutaneous coronary intervention on longterm mortality. J Cardiovasc Med 2008; 9: 375-81.
14. Lassnigg A, Schmid ER, Hiesmayr M, et al. Impact of minimal increases in serum creatinine on outcome in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: do we have to revise current definitions of acute renal failure? Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 1129-37.
15. Berl T, Henrich W. Kidney-heart interactions: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 8-18.
16. Han WK, Bonventre JV. Biologic markers for the early detection of acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004; 10: 476-82.
17. Ronco C. NGAL: an emerging biomarker of acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 199-200.
18. Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Husing J, et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1115-22.
19. VandeVoorde RG, Katlman TI, Ma Q, et al. Serum NGAL and cystatin C as predictive biomarkers for acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 404A.
20. Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 237-44.
21. Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. JACC 2007; 13(49): 675-83.
22. Tessone A, Gottlieb S, Barbash IM, et al. Underuse of standard care and outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction and chronic renal insufficiency. Cardiology 2007; 108: 193-9.
23. Hillege HL, Nitsch D, Pfeffer MA, et al. Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure. Circulation 2006; 113: 671-8.
24. Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 260-9.
25. Nohria A, Hasselblad V, Stebbins A, et al. Cardiorenal interactions — insights form the ESCAPE trial. JACC 2007; 51: 1268-74.
26. Jie KE, Verhaar MC, Cramer MJ, et al. Erythropoietin and the cardiorenal syndrome: Cellular mechanisms on the cardiorenal connectors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291: F932—44.
27. Palazzuoli A, Silverberg DS, Iovine F, et al. Effects of betaerythropoietin treatment on left ventricular remodeling, systolic function, and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with the cardiorenal anemia syndrome. Am Heart J 2007; 154: 645. e9-15.
28. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, et al. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1913-7.
29. Bagshaw SM, George C, Dinu I, Bellomo R. A multi-centre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1203-10.
30. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). JACC 2006; 47: e1-192.
31. Sommerer C, Beimler J, Schwenger V, et al. Cardiac biomarkers and survival in haemodialysis patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37: 350-6.
32. Austin WJ, Bhalla V, Hernandez-Arce I, et al. Correlation and prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide and its aminoterminal fragment in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 506-12.
33. Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2148-59.
34. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: S1-266.
35. Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С. Кардиоренальные соотношения и риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вестник РАМН 2003; 11: 50-5.
36. Мухин Н.А. Снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации — общепопулярный маркер неблагоприятного прогноза. Тер архив 2007; 6: 5-10.
37. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1296-305.
38. Garg AX, Clark WF, Haynes RB, House AA. Moderate renal insufficiency and the risk of cardiovascular mortality: Results from the NHANES I. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1486-94.
39. Sarnak MJ, Coronado BE, Greene T, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic renal insufficiency. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57: 327-5.
40. Gibson CM, Pinto DS, Murphy SA, et al. Association of creatinine and creatinine clearance on presentation in acute myocardial infarction with subsequent mortality. JACC 2003; 42: 1535-43.
41. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2034-47.
42. Levin A, Foley RN. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: S24-30.
43. Bakris GL, Weir MR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorassociated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 685-93.
44. Roy P, Bouchard J, Amyot R, Madore F. Prescription patterns of pharmacological agents for left ventricular systolic dysfunction among hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 645-51.
45. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 543-51.
46. Ko DT, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, et al. Appropriateness of spironolactone prescribing in heart failure patients: a populationbased study. J Card Fail 2006; 12: 205-10.