1. Lang IM, Dorfmüller P, Noordegraaf AV. The pathobiology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Annals ATS. 2016;13(Suppl.3): S215–S221. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-620AS
2. Fedullo P, Kerr KM, Kim NH, Auger WR. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(12):1605–1613. doi:10.1164/rccm.201011-1854CI
3. Banks DA, Pretorius GVD, Kerr KM, Manecke GR. Pulmonary endarterectomy: part I. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic evaluation of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;18(4):319–330. doi:10.1177/1089253214536621
4. Moser KM, Bioor CM. Pulmonary vascular lesions occurring in patients with chronic major vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 1993;103(3):685–692.
5. Dorfmüller P, Günther S, Ghigna MR, Thomas De Montpréville V, Boulate D, Paul JF et al. Microvascular disease in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a role for pulmonary veins and systemic vasculature. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(5):1275–1288.
6. Simonneau G, Torbicki A, Dorfmüller P, Kim N. The pathophysiology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160112. doi:10.1183/16000617.0112-2016
7. Morris TA. Why acute pulmonary embolism becomes chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: clinical and genetic insights. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013;19(5):422–429.
8. Bonderman D, Turecek P, Jakowitsch J, Weltermann A, Adlbrecht C, Schneider B et al. High prevalence of elevated clotting factor VIII in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Thromb Haemost. 2003;90(3):372–376. doi:10.1160/TH03-02-0067
9. Yan L, Li X, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Luo Q, Zhao Q et al. Research progress on the pathogenesis of CTEPH. Heart Fail Rev. 2019;24(6):1031–1040. doi:10.1007/s10741-019-09802-4
10. Wolf M, Boyer-Neumann C, Parent F, Eschwege V, Jaillet H, Meyer D et al. Thrombotic risk factors in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2000;15(2):395.
11. Yaoita N, Satoh K, Satoh T, Sugimura K, Tatebe S, Yamamoto S et al. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2016;36(6):1293–1301. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306845
12. Satoh T, Satoh K, Yaoita N, Kikuchi N, Omura J, Kurosawa R et al. Activated TAFI promotes the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a possible novel therapeutic target. Circ Res. 2017;120(8):1246–1262. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.310640
13. Lang IM, Marsh JJ, Olman MA, Moser KM, Schleef RR. Parallel analysis of tissue-type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma and endothelial cells derived from patients with chronic pulmonary thromboemboli. Circulation. 1994;90(2):706–712. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.90.2.706
14. Olman MA, Marsh JJ, Lang IM, Moser KM, Binder BR, Schleef RR. Endogenous fibrinolytic system in chronic largevessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1992;86(4):1241–1248. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.86.4.1241
15. Zabini D, Heinemann A, Foris V, Nagaraj C, Nierlich P, Bálint Z et al. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory markers in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(4):951–962. doi:10.1183/09031936.001450132.
16. Quarck R, Wynants M, Verbeken E, Meyns B, Delcroix M. Contribution of inflammation and impaired angiogenesis to the pathobiology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(2):431–443.
17. Singh S, Anshita D, Ravichandiran V. MCP 1: function, regulation, and involvement in disease. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;101(PtB):107598.
18. Avdeev SN, Barbarash OL, Bautin AE, Volkov AV, Veselova TN, Galyavich AS et al. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Pulmonary hypertension, including chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Russ J Cardiol. 2021;26(12):4683.
19. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L et al Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233–271.
20. ATS Statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111–117.
21. Guth S, D’Armini AM, Delcroix M, Nakayama K, Fadel E, Hoole SP et al. Current strategies for managing chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results of the worldwide prospective CTEPH Registry. ERJ Open Res. 2021;7(3):00850– 02020.
22. Klok FA, Dzikowska-Diduch O, Kostrubiec M, Vliegen HW, Pruszczyk P, Hasenfuß G et al. Derivation of a clinical prediction score for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb and Haemost. 2016; 14(1):121–128.
23. Delcroix M, Lang I, Pepke-Zaba J, Jansa P, D’Armini AM, Snijder R et al. Long-term outcome of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from an international prospective registry. Circulation. 2016;133(9):859–871.
24. Kerr KM, Elliott CG, Chin K, Benza RL, Channick RN, Davis RD et al. Results from the United States chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension registry. Chest. 2021;160(5): 1822–1831.
25. Wong CL, Szydlo R, Gibbs S, Laffan M. Hereditary and acquired thrombotic risk factors for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2010;21(3): 201–206.
26. Dodson MW, Cirulis MM, Li H, Yue Z, Brown LM, Elliott CG. Frequency of thrombotic risk factors in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and acute pulmonary embolism: a case-control study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2022;28:107602962110732.
27. Lian TY, Liu JZ, Guo F, Zhou YP, Wu T, Wang H et al. Prevalence, genetic background, and clinical phenotype of congenital thrombophilia in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. JACC: Asia. 2022;2(3):247–255.
28. Bonderman D, Wilkens H, Wakounig S, Schafers HJ, Jansa P, Lindner J et al. Risk factors for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2008;33(2):325–331. doi:10.1183/09031936.00087608
29. Ward SE, O’Sullivan JM, O’Donnell JS. The relationship between ABO blood group, von Willebrand factor, and primary hemostasis. Blood. 2020;136(25):2864–2874.
30. Newnham M, South K, Bleda M, Auger WR, Barberà JA, Bogaard H et al. The ADAMTS13-VWF axis is dysregulated in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(3):1801805.
31. Fauché A, Presles E, Sanchez O, Jaïs X, Le Mao R, Robin P et al. Frequency and predictors for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a first unprovoked pulmonary embolism: Results from PADIS studies. J Thromb Haemost. 2022;20(12):2850–2861.
32. Vrigkou E, Tsantes A, Konstantonis D, Rapti E, Maratou E, Pappas A et al. Platelet, fibrinolytic and other coagulation abnormalities in newly-diagnosed patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Diagnostics. 2022;12(5):1238.
33. Manz XD, Szulcek R, Pan X, Symersky P, Dickhoff C, Majolée J et al. Epigenetic modification of the von willebrand factor promoter drives platelet aggregation on the pulmonary endothelium in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(7):806–818. doi:10.1164/rccm.202109-2075OC
34. Remková A, Šimková I, Valkovičová T. Platelet abnormalities in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(6):9700–9707.
35. Mojiri A, Alavi P, Lorenzana Carrillo MA, Nakhaei-Nejad M, Sergi CM, Thebaud B et al. Endothelial cells of different organs exhibit heterogeneity in von Willebrand factor expression in response to hypoxia. Atherosclerosis. 2019;282:1–10.
36. Deng C, Zhong Z, Wu D, Chen Y, Lian N, Ding H et al. Role of FoxO1 and apoptosis in pulmonary vascular remolding in a rat model of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2270.
37. Wu D, Chen Y, Wang W, Li H, Yang M, Ding H et al. The role of inflammation in a rat model of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension induced by carrageenan. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(7):492.
38. Skoro-Sajer N, Gerges C, Gerges M, Panzenböck A, Jakowitsch J, Kurz A et al. Usefulness of thrombosis and inflammation biomarkers in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension-sampling plasma and surgical specimens. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2018;37(9):1067–1074.
39. Wynants M, Quarck R, Ronisz A, Alfaro-Moreno E, Van Raemdonck D, Meyns B et al. Effects of C-reactive protein on human pulmonary vascular cells in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(4):886–894.
40. Wynants M, Vengethasamy L, Ronisz A, Meyns B, Delcroix M, Quarck R. NF-κB pathway is involved in CRP-induced effects on pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013;305(12): L934-L942.
41. Hennigs JK, Baumann HJ, Lüneburg N, Quast G, Harbaum L, Heyckendorf J et al. Fibrinogen plasma concentration is an independent marker of haemodynamic impairment in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Sci Rep. 2014;4(1):4808.
42. Magoń W, Stępniewski J, Waligóra M, Jonas K, Przybylski R, Podolec P et al. Changes in inflammatory markers in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension treated with balloon pulmonary angioplasty. Cells. 2022;11(9):1491.
43. Zhang M, Zhang Y, Pang W, Zhai Z, Wang C. Circulating biomarkers in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ. 2019;9(2):1–13.
44. Chia S, Ludlam CA, Fox KAA, Newby DE. Acute systemic inflammation enhances endothelium-dependent tissue plasminogen activator release in men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(2):333–339.
45. Ghosh AK, Vaughan DE. PAI 1 in tissue fibrosis. J Cell Physiol. 2012;227(2):493–507.
46. Vuylsteke A, Sharples L, Charman G, Kneeshaw J, Tsui S, Dunning J et al. Circulatory arrest versus cerebral perfusion during pulmonary endarterectomy surgery (PEACOG): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9800):1379–1387.
47. Yan L, Li X, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Luo Q, Zhao Q et al. Research progress on the pathogenesis of CTEPH. Heart Fail Rev. 2019;24(6):1031–1040.
48. Lang IM, Marsh JJ, Olman MA, Moser KM, Schleef RR. Parallel analysis of tissue-type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma and endothelial cells derived from patients with chronic pulmonary thromboemboli. Circulation. 1994;90(2):706–712.
49. Satoh K, Satoh T, Kikuchi N, Omura J, Kurosawa R, Suzuki K et al. Basigin mediates pulmonary hypertension by promoting inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ Res. 2014;115(8):738–750.
50. Marsh JJ, Chiles PG, Liang NC, Morris TA. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension-associated dysfibrinogenemias exhibit disorganized fibrin structure. Thrombosis Research. 2013;132(6):729–734.
51. Morris TA, Marsh JJ, Chiles PG, Auger WR, Fedullo PF, Woods VL. Fibrin derived from patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is resistant to lysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(11):1270–1275. doi:10.1164/rccm.200506-916OC
52. Morris TA, Marsh JJ, Chiles PG, Magaña MM, Liang NC, Soler X et al. High prevalence of dysfibrinogenemia among patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Blood. 2009;114(9):1929–1936.