Статья
Хроническая сердечная недостаточность. Клинические рекомендации 2020
Одобрено Научно-практическим Советом Минздрава Российской Федерации.
1. Фомин И. В. Артериальная гипертония в Российской Федерации — последние 10 лет. Что дальше? Сердце. 2007;6(3):1-6.
2. Ситникова М.Ю., Юрченко А.В., Лясникова Е.А., и др. Результаты Российского госпитального регистра хронической сердечной недостаточности в 3 субъектах Российской Федерации. Кардиология. 2015;55(10):5-13. doi:10.18565/cardio.2015.10.5-13
3. Фомин И. В. Эпидемиология хронической сердечной недостаточности в Российской Федерации. В кн.: Хроническая сердечная недостаточность. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа. 2010.C. 7-77
4. Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Follath F, et al. The EuroHeart Failure survey programme a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(5):442-63. doi:10.1016/s0195-668x(02)00823-0.
5. Lam CSP, Solomon SD. The middle child in heart failure: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (40-50%). Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:1049-55. doi:10.1002/ejhf.159.
6. Беленков Ю. Н., Мареев В. Ю., Агеев Ф. Т., и др. Истинная распространенность ХСН в европейской части Российской Федерации (госпитальный этап). Журнал сердечная недостаточность. 2011;12(2):63-8.
7. Фомин И. В., Бадин Ю. В., Егорова И. С., Щербинина Е. В. Гендерные различия в распространенности сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (данные когортного исследования репрезентативной выборки Нижегородской области 1998-2002 гг.). Проблемы женского здоровья. 2006;1(1):37-40.
8. McAlister FA, Teo KK, Taher M, et al. Insights into the contemporary epidemiology and outpatient management of congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 1999;138(1 Pt 1):87-94. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70251-6.
9. Терещенко С. Н., Жиров И. В., Нарусов О. Ю., Мареев Ю. В., Затейщиков Д. А., Осмоловская Ю. Ф., Овчинников А. Г., Самко А. Н., Насонова С. Н., Стукалова О. В., Саидова М. А., Скворцов А. А., Шария М. А., Явелов И. С. Диагностика и лечение хронической и острой сердечной недостаточности. Кардиологический вестник. 2016;2:3-33.
10. McMurray J. Clinical practice. Systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(3):228-38. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0909392.
11. Chen J, Normand SL, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. National and regional trends in heart failure hospitalization and mortality rates for Medicare beneficiaries, 1998-2008. JAMA. 2011;306 (15):1669-78. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1474.
12. Dunlay SM, Redfield MM, Weston SA, et al. Hospitalizations after heart failure diagnosis a community perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(18):1695-702. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.019.
13. Hogg K, Swedberg K, McMurray J. Heart Failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(3):317-27. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.046.
14. Агеев Ф. Т. Современная концепция диастолической сердечной недостаточности. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2010;9(7):97-104.
15. Senni M, Gavazzi A, Oliva F, at al. In-hospital and 1-year outcomes of acute heart failure patients according to presentation (de novo vs. worsening) and ejection fraction. Results from IN-HF Outcome Registry. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(2):163-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.018.
16. Cowie MR, Fox KF, Wood DA, et al. Hospitalization of patients with heart failure: a population-based study. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(11):877-85. doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.2973.
17. Беленков Ю. Н., Овчинников А. Г., Агеев Ф. Т., Сербул В. М. Гипертрофия левого желудочка: роль ренин-ангиотензиновой системы. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2008;7(2):98-108.
18. Овчинников А. Г., Агеев Ф. Т., Свирида О. Н. Патогенетический подход к терапии пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью и сохраненной систолической функцией левого желудочка. Кардиологический вестник. 2011;1:33-9.
19. Pocock SJ, Wang D, Pfeffer MA, et al. Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(1):65-75. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi555.
20. Komajda M, Carson PE, Hetzel S, et al. Factors associated with outcome in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: findings from the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-PRESERVE). Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4(1):27-35. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.932996.
21. Ketchum ES, Levy WC. Establishing prognosis in heart failure: a multimarker approach. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;54(2):86-96. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2011.03.003.
22. Ho KK, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, et al. Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects. Circulation. 1993;88(1):107-15. doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.1.107.
23. Мареев В. Ю., Даниелян М. О., Беленков Ю. Н. Влияние терапии на прогноз и выживаемость больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью. Русский медицинский журнал. 1999;2:9.
24. Фомин И. В. Хрониченская сердечная недостаточность в Российской Федерации: что сегодня мы знаем и что должны делать. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2016;(8):7-13. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2016-8-7-13.
25. Якушин С. С., Смирнова Е. А., Лиферов Р. А. Выживаемость больных хронической сердечной недостаточностью (данные когортного исследования репрезентативной выборки населения Рязанской области). Сердечная недостаточность. 2011;12 (4):218-21.
26. Wedel H, McMurray JJ, Lindberg M, et al. Predictors of fatal and non-fatal outcomes in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA): incremental value of apolipoprotein A-1, high-sensitivity C-reactive peptide and N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(3):281-91. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfn046.
27. Allen LA, Felker GM, Pocock S, et al. Liver function abnormalities and outcome in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) program. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(2):170-7. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfn031.
28. Jackson CE, Solomon SD, Gerstein HC, et al. Albuminuria in chronic heart failure: prevalence and prognostic importance. Lancet. 2009;374(9689):543-50. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61378-7.
29. Felker GM, Allen LA, Pocock SJ, et al. Red cell distribution width as a novel prognostic marker in heart failure: data from the CHARM Program and the Duke Databank. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(1):40-7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.067.
30. Беленков Ю. Н., Фомин И. В., Мареев В. Ю. Первые результаты Российского эпидемиологического исследования по ХСН. Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность. 2003;4(1):26-30.
31. Агеев Ф.Т., Даниелян М. О., Мареев В. Ю. и др. Больные с хронической сердечной недостаточностью в российской амбулаторной практике: особенности контингента, диагностики и лечения (по материалам исследования ЭПОХА-О-ХСН). Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность. 2004;5(1):4-7.
32. Агеев Ф. Т., Беленков Ю. Н., Фомин И. В. и др. Распространенность хронической сердечной недостаточности в Европейской части Российской Федерации — данные ЭПОХА-ХСН. Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность. 2006;7(1):112-5.
33. Davie P, Francis CM, Caruana L, et al. Assessing diagnosis in heart failure: which features are any use? QJM. 1997;90:335-9. doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.5.335.
34. Mant J, Doust J, Roalfe A, et al. Systematic review and individual patient data metaanalysis of diagnosis of heart failure, with modelling of implications of different diagnostic strategies in primary care. Health Technol Assess. 2009;13:1-207. doi:10.3310/hta13320.
35. Oudejans I, Mosterd A, Bloemen JA, et al. Clinical evaluation of geriatric outpatients with suspected heart failure: value of symptoms, signs, and additional tests. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:518-27. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfr021.
36. Fonseca C. Diagnosis of heart failure in primary care. Heart Fail Rev. 2006;11:95-107. doi:10.1007/s10741-006-9481-0.
37. Kelder JC, Cramer MJ, van Wijngaarden J, et al. The diagnostic value of physical examination and additional testing in primary care patients with suspected heart failure. Circulation. 2011;124:2865-73. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.019216.
38. Weingartner O, Hasan T, Bohm M. Pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of dyspnea Herz. 2004;29(6):595-601. doi:10.1007/s00059-004-2594-0.
39. Fries R. Differential diagnosis of leg edema. MMW Fortschr Med. 2004;146(16):39-41.
40. Heidenreich PA, Albert NM, Allen LA, et al. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6(3):606-19. doi:10.1161/HHF.0b013e318291329a.
41. Steinberg BA, Zhao X, Heidenreich PA, et al. Trends in patients hospitalized with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence, therapies, and outcomes. Circulation. 2012;126(1):65-75. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.080770.
42. Lee DS, Gona P, Vasan RS, et al. Relation of disease pathogenesis and risk factors to heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction: insights from the Framingham heart study of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. Circulation. 2009;119(24):3070-7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.815944.
43. Ощепкова Е. В., Лазарева Н. В., Сатлыкова Д. Ф., Терещенко С. Н. Первые результаты Российского регистра хронической сердечной недостаточности. Кардиология. 2015;55(5):22-8. doi:10.18565/cardio.2015.5.22-28
44. Paulus WJ, Tschope C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62(4):263-71. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.092.
45. Redfield MM. Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(9):897. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1615918.
46. Paulus WJ, Dal Canto E. Distinct Myocardial Targets for Diabetes Therapy in Heart Failure With Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6(1):1-7. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2017.07.012.
47. Dhingra A, Garg A, Kaur S, et al. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2014;11(4):354-65. doi:10.1007/s11897-014-0223-7.
48. Liu M, Fang F, Yu CM. Noncardiac Comorbidities in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction — A Commonly Ignored Fact. Circ J. 2015;79(5):954-9. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-15-0056.
49. Dunlay SM, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(10):591-602. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.65.
50. Roberts E, Ludman AJ, Dworzynski K, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of the natriuretic peptides in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis in the acute care setting. BMJ. 2015;350:h910. doi:10.1136/bmj.h910.
51. Zaphiriou A, Robb S, Murray-Thomas T, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma BNP and NTpro мозговой натрийуретический пептид in patients referred from primary care with suspected heart failure: results of the UK natriuretic peptide study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7:537-41. doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.01.022.
52. Fuat A, Murphy JJ, Hungin APS, et al. The diagnostic accuracy and utility of a B-type natriuretic peptide test in a community population of patients with suspected heart failure. Br J Gen Pract. 2006;56:327-33.
53. Yamamoto K, Burnett JC, Bermudez EA, et al. Clinical criteria and biochemical markers for the detection of systolic dysfunction. J Card Fail. 2000;6:194-200. doi:10.1054/jcaf.2000.9676.
54. Cowie MR, Struthers AD, Wood DA, et al. Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care. Lancet. 1997;350:1349-53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06031-5.
55. Krishnaswamy P, Lubien E, Clopton P, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide levels in identifying patients with left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Am J Med. 2001;111:274-9. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00841-5.
56. Kelder JC, Cramer MJ, Verweij WM, et al. Clinical utility of three B-type natriuretic peptide assays for the initial diagnostic assessment of new slow-onset heart failure. J Card Fail. 2011;17:729-34. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.04.013.
57. Cheng V, Kazanagra R, Garcia A, et al. A rapid bedside test for B-type peptide predicts treatment outcomes in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:386-91. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01157-8.
58. McCullough PA, Duc P, Omland T, et al; Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study Investigators. B-type natriuretic peptide and renal function in the diagnosis of heart failure: an analysis from the breathing not properly multinational study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:571-9. doi:10.1053/ajkd.2003.50118.
59. Jankowska EA, von Haehling S, Anker SD, et al. Iron deficiency and heart failure: diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:816-29. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs224.
60. Jankowska EA Malyszko J, Ardehali H, et al. Iron status in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:827-34. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs377.
61. Damman K, Valente MAE, Voors AA, et al. Renal impairment, worsening renal function, and outcome in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:455-69. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht386.
62. Filippatos G, Farmakis D, Parissis J. Renal dysfunction and heart failure: things are seldom what they seem. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:416-8. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht515.
63. Desai AS. Hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure: incidence, prevalence, and management. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2009;6:272-80. doi:10.1007/s11897-009-0037-1.
64. Aguilar D, Bozkurt B, Ramasubbu K, Deswal A. Relationship of hemoglobin A1C and mortality in heart failure patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:422-8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.049.
65. Ewid M, Sherif H, Allihimy AS, et al. AST/ALT ratio predicts the functional severity of chronic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13:178. doi:10.1186/s13104-020-05031-3.
66. Wannamethee SG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG. Г-glutamyltransferase, hepatic enzymes, and risk of incident heart failure in older men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(3):830-5. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.240457.
67. Poelzl G, Eberl C, Achrainer H, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase in chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2(4):294-302. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.826735.
68. Ess M, Mussner-Seeber C, Mariacher S, et al. Y-Glutamyltransferase rather than total bilirubin predicts outcome in chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2011;17(7):577-84. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.02.012.
69. Yamazoe M, Mizuno A, Nishi Y, et al. Serum alkaline phosphatase as a predictor of worsening renal function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. J Cardiol. 2016;67(5):412-417. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.08.004.
70. Shamban L, Patel B, Williams M. Significantly Elevated Liver Alkaline Phosphatase in Congestive Heart Failure. Gastroenterology Res. 2014;7(2):64-8. doi:10.14740/gr600w.
71. Rhee CM, Curhan GC, Alexander ER, et al. Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Survival: The Effects of Heart Failure and Race J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(6):2326-36. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1039.
72. Pingitore A, Landi P, Taddei MC, et al. Triiodothyronine levels for risk stratification of patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Med. 2005;118:132-6. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.052.
73. Passino C, Pingitore A, Landi P, et al. Prognostic value of combined measurement of brain natriuretic peptide and triiodothyronine in heart failure.J Card Fail. 2009;15:35-40. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.08.008.
74. Martinez F. Thyroid hormones and heart failure. Heart Failure Reviews. 2016;21:361-4. doi:10.1007/s10741-016-9556-5.
75. Rauchhaus M, Clark AL, Doehner W, et al. The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;2(11):1933-40. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.016.
76. Cappola A.R., Fried L.P., Arnold A.M. at al. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006; 295:1033-1041. doi: 10.10O1/jama.295.9.1033
77. Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, Lupi L, et al. Prog nostic significance of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients hospitalized for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (from the EVEREST Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(4):574-81. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.042.
78. Khunti K, Squire I, Abrams KR, Sutton AJ. Accuracy of a 12-lead electrocardiogram in screening patients with suspected heart failure for open access echocardiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6(5):571-6. doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.03.013.
79. Davie AP, Francis CM, Love MP, et al. Value of the electrocardiogram in identifying heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. BMJ. 1996;312(7025):222. doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7025.222.
80. Thomas JT, Kelly RF, Thomas SJ, et al. Utility of history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph for differentiating normal from decreased systolic function in patients with heart failure. Am J Med. 2002;112:437-45. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01048-3.
81. Tribouilloy C, Rusinaru D, Mahjoub H, et al. Impact of echocardiography in patients hospitalized for heart failure: a prospective observational study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;101:465-73. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2008.06.012.
82. Kirkpatrick JN, Vannan MA, Narula J, Lang RM. Echocardiography in heart failure: applications, utility, and new horizons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:381-96. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.048.
83. Senni M, Rodeheffer RJ, Tribouilloy CM, et al. Use of echocardiography in the management of congestive heart failure in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:164-70. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00523-3.
84. Agha SA, Kalogeropoulos AP, Shih J, et al. Echocardiography and risk prediction in advanced heart failure: incremental value over clinical markers. J Card Fail. 2009;15:586-92. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.03.002.
85. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(2):252-89. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.011.
86. Plana JC, Galderisi M, Barac A, et al. Expert consensus for multimodality imaging evaluation of adult patients during and after cancer therapy: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(9):911-39. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.07.012.
87. Porter TR, Shillcutt SK, Adams MS, et al. Guidelines for the use of echocardiography as a monitor for therapeutic intervention in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):40-56. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.09.009.
88. EchoNoRMAL (Echocardiographic Normal Ranges Meta-Analysis of the Left Heart) Collaboration. Ethnic-Specific Normative Reference Values for Echocardiographic LA and LV Size, LV Mass, and Systolic Function: The EchoNoRMAL Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:656-65. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.02.014.
89. Muraru D, Badano LP, Peluso D, et al. Comprehensive analysis of left ventricular geometry and function by three-dimensional echocardiography in healthy adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:618-28. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2013.03.014.
90. Kou S, Caballero L, Dulgheru R, et al. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac chamber size: results from the NORRE study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15:680-90. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jet284.
91. Alherbish A, Becher H, Alemayehu W, et al. Impact of contrast echocardiography on accurate discrimination of specific degree of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Echocardiography. 2018;35(11):1746-54. doi:10.1111/echo.14152.
92. Dorosz JL, Lezotte DC, Weitzenkamp DA, et al. Performance of 3-dimensional echocardiography in measuring left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1799-808. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.037.
93. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, Hall WJ, et al. Predictors of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT). Circulation. 2011;124(14):1527-36. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.014324.
94. Thavendiranathan P, Liu S, Datta S, et al. Automated quantification of mitral inflow and aortic outflow stroke volumes by three-dimensional real-time volume color-flow Doppler transthoracic echocardiography: comparison with pulsed-wave Doppler and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25(1):56-65. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2011.10.004.
95. Hoffmann R, von Bardeleben S, ten Cate F, et al. Assessment of systolic left ventricular function: a multi-centre comparison of cineventriculography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, unenhanced and contrast-enhanced echocardiography. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(6):607-16. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi083.
96. Hoffmann R, Barletta G, von Bardeleben S, et al. Analysis of left ventricular volumes and function — a multicenter comparison of cineventriculography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, unenhanced and contrast enhanced 2D and 3D echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27:292-301. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2013.12.005
97. Thavendiranathan P, Poulin F, Lim KD, et al. Use of Myocardial Strain Imaging by Echocardiography for the Early Detection of Cardiotoxicity in Patients During and After Cancer Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2751-68. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.073.
98. Mignot A, Donal E, Zaroui A, et al. Global longitudinal strain as a major predictor of cardiac events in patients with depressed left ventricular function: a multicenter study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:1019-24. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2010.07.019.
99. Yingchoncharoen T, Agarwal S, Popovic ZB, Marwick TH. Normal ranges of left ventricular strain: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:185-91. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2012.10.008.
100. Stanton T, Leano R, Marwick TH. Prediction of all-cause mortality from global longitudinal speckle strain: comparison with ejection fraction and wall motion scoring. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(5):356-64. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.862334.
101. Bansal M, Cho GY, Chan J, et al. Feasibility and accuracy of different techniques of twodimensional speckle based strain and validation with harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:1318-25. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2008.09.021.
102. Nagueh S, Smiseth O, Appleton C, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:277-314. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011.
103. Hawkins NM, Petrie MC, Jhund PS, et al. Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnostic pitfalls and epidemiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:130-9. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfn013.
104. Jolicreur EM, Dunning A, Castelvecchio S, et al. Importance of angina in patients with coronary disease, heart failure, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: insights from STICH. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2092-100. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.882.
105. Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, et al., Investigators FS. Fractional flow reserve vs. angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(3):213-24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0807611.
106. Toth G, De Bruyne B, Casselman F, et al. Fractional flow reserve-guided vs. angiography-guided coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 2013;128(13):1405-11. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002740.
107. Beller GA, Heede RC. SPECT imaging for detecting coronary artery disease and determining prognosis by noninvasive assessment of myocardial perfusion and myocardial viability. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2011;4:416-24. doi:10.1007/s12265-011-9290-2.
108. Beanlands RSB, Nichol G, Huszti E, et al. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging-assisted management of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and suspected coronary disease: a randomized, controlled trial (PARR-2). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:2002-12. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.006.
109. Gonzalez-Lopez E, Gallego-Delgado M, Guzzo-Merello G, et al. Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis as a cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2585-94. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv338.
110. Longhi S, Guidalotti PL, Quarta CC, et al. Identification of TTR-related subclinical amyloidosis with 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2014;7:531-2. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.03.004.
111. Bokhari S, Castano A, Pozniakoff T, et al. 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy for differentiating light-chain cardiac amyloidosis from the transthyretin-related familial and senile cardiac amyloidosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:195-201. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000132.
112. Aljaroudi WA, Desai MY, Tang WH, et al. Role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiac amyloidosis: state of the art review and focus on emerging nuclear techniques. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014;21:271-83. doi:10.1007/s12350-013-9800-5.
113. Saric M, Armour AC, Arnaout MS, et al. Guidelines for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of a Cardiac Source of Embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(1):1-42. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2015.09.011.
114. Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, et al. ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/ SCAI/SCCM/ SCCT/SCMR 2011 appropriate use criteria for echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1126-66.
115. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:e147-e239. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019.
116. Khemka A, Sawada SG. Dobutamine echocardiography for assessment of viability in the current era. Curr Opin Cardiol . 2019;34(5):484-9. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000658.
117. Ling LF, Marwick TH, Flores DR, et al. Identification of therapeutic benefit from revascularization in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction inducible ischemia versus hibernating myocardium. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:363-72. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000138.
118. Bonow RO, Maurer G, Lee KL, et al. Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1617-25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1100358.
119. de Filippi CR, Willett DL, Brickner ME, et al. Usefulness of dobutamine echocardiography in distinguishing severe from nonsevere valvular aortic stenosis in patients with depressed left ventricular function and low transvalvular gradients. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:191-4. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)80078-8.
120. Tribouilloy C, Levy F, Rusinaru D, et al. Outcome after aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis without contractile reserve on dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1865-73. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.026.
121. Clavel MA, Fuchs C, Burwash IG, et al. Predictors of outcomes in low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: results of the multicenter TOPAS Study. Circulation. 2008;118(14 Suppl):S234-42. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.757427.
122. Garnier F, Eicher J-C, Jazayeri S, et al. Usefulness and limitations of contractile reserve evaluation in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis eligible for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:648-54. doi:10.1002/ejhf.78.
123. Erdei T, Smiseth OA, Marino P, Fraser AG. A systematic review of diastolic stress tests in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, with proposals from the EU-FP7 MEDIA study group. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:1345-61. doi:10.1002/ejhf.184.
124. Donal E, Lund LH, Oger E, et al. Value of exercise echocardiography in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a substudy from the KaRen study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;17:106-13. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jev144.
125. Borlaug B Nishimura R, Sorajja P, et al. Exercise hemodynamics enhance diagnosis of early heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3:588-95. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.930701.
126. Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1724-32. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.031.
127. Paech DC, Weston AR. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of suspected coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011;11:32. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-11-32.
128. Goldstein JA, Gallagher MJ, O'Neill WW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of multi-slice coronary computed tomography for evaluation of acute chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:863-71. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.064.
129. Hoffmann U, Truong QA, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Coronary CT angiography versus standard evaluation in acute chest pain. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:299-308. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1201161.
130. Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, et al. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2541-619. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu278.
131. Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2949-3003. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht296.
132. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet J-P, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(3):267-315. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320
133. Sousa PA, Bettencourt N, Dias Ferreira N, et al. Role of cardiac multidetector computed tomography in the exclusion of ischemic etiology in heart failure patients. Rev Port Cardiol. 2014;33(10):629-36.
134. Hundle WG, Blumke D, Bogaert JG, et al. Society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance guidelines for reporting cardiovascular magnetic resonance examinations. J Cardiovasc Magn reson. 2009;11:5.
135. Kramer C, Barkhausen J, Flamn SD, et al. Standardised cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: board of trustees task force on standardized protocols. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008;10:35.
136. Iles LM, Ellims AH, Llewellyn H, et al. Histological validation of cardiac magnetic resonance analysis of regional and diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis. European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging. 2015;16:14-22.
137. Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, et al. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 2013;309:896-908.
138. Puntmann VO, Carr-White G, Jabbour A, et al. T1-Mapping and Outcome in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: All-Cause Mortality and Heart Failure. JACC Cardiovascular imaging. 2016;9:40-50.
139. Kalb B, Indik JH, Ott P, Martin DR. MRI of patients with implanted cardiac devices. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;47(3):595-603. doi:10.1002/jmri.25824.
140. Weidman EK, Dean KE, Rivera W, et al. MRI safety: a report of current practice and advancements in patient preparation and screening. Clin Imaging. 2015;39(6):935-7. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.09.002.
141. Tsai LL, Grant AK, Mortele KJ, et al. A Practical Guide to MR Imaging Safety: What Radiologists Need to Know. Radiographics. 2015;35(6):1722-37. doi:10.1148/rg.2015150108.
142. Sechtem U, Pflugfelder P, Higgins CB. Quantification of cardiac function by conventional and cine magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1987;10:365-73. doi:10.1007/BF02577347.
143. Pattynama PM, Lamb HJ, van der Velde EA, et al. Left ventricular measurements with cine and spin-echo MRI imaging: a study of reproducibility with variance component analysis. Radiology. 1993;187:261-8. doi:10.1148/radiology.187.1.8451425.
144. Reichek N. Magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of myocardial function. Magn Reson Q. 1991;7:255-74.
145. Hudsmith LE, Petersen SE, Francis JM, et al. Normal human left and right ventricular and left atrial dimensions using steady state free precession magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005;7:775-82
146. Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ. Normalized left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2006;8:417-26.
147. Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ. Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2879-88.
148. Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, et al. ACCF/ ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation task force on expert consensus documents. Circulation. 2010;121:2462-508.
149. Valsangiocomo Buechel ER, Mertens L. Imaging the right heart: the use of integrated multimodality imaging. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:949-60.
150. Grothues F, Moon J, Bellenger N, et al. Interstudy reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function, and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J. 2004;147:218-23.
151. Kilner PJ, Geva T, Kaemmerer H, et al. Recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with congenital heart disease from the respective working groups of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:794-805.
152. Gonzalez JA, Kramer CM. Role of imaging techniques for diagnosis, prognosis and management of heart failure patients: cardiac magnetic resonance. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2015;12:276-83.
153. Pons-Llado G, Carreras F, Borras X, et al. Bayes de Luna Comparison of morphologic assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance versus echocardiographic imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:1651-6.
154. Moon JC, Fisher NG, McKenna WJ, Pennell DJ. Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with non-diagnostic echocardiography. Heart. 2004;90:645-9.
155. Fattori R, Biagini E, Lorenzini M, et al. Significance of magnetic resonance imaging in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:1592-159.
156. Ashrith G, Gupta D, Hanmer J, Weiss RM. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance characterization of left ventricular non-compaction provides independent prognostic information in patients with incident heart failure or suspected cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:64.
157. Choi Y, Kim SM, Lee SC, et al. Quantification of left ventricular trabeculae using cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction: evaluation of trabecular volume and refined semi-quantitative criteria. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:24.
158. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Judd RM, et al. Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1461-74.
159. Yoshida A, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Yamada N, et al. Direct comparison of the diagnostic capability of cardiac magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15:166-75.
160. Moon JC, Messroghli DR, Kellman P, et al. Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: a Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) and CMR Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:92.
161. Abbasi SA, Ertel A, Shah RV, et al. Impact of cardiovascular magnetic resonance on management and clinical decision-making in heart failure patients. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2013;15:89.
162. Sobol I, Horn E, Dele-Michael A, et al. 123 Assessment of Unexplained Cardiomyopathy (CMP) — Clinical Utility of Delayed-Enhancement Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (DE-CMR) Compared to Endomyocardial Biopsy. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2012;31(4).S50. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2012.01.127.
163. Karamitsos ThD, Papanastasiou ChA. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance T1 Mapping for Cardiac Amyloidosis: The Best Way Forward. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;8:S1936-878X.
164. Vogelsberg H, Mahrholdt H, Deluigi CC, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in clinically suspected cardiac amyloidosis: noninvasive imaging compared to endomyocardial biopsy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008;51:1022-30.
165. Nam BD, Kim SM, Jung HN, et al. Comparison of quantitative imaging parameters using cardiovascular magnetic resonance between cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: inversion time scout versus T1 mapping. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;34(11):1769-77.
166. Fontana M, Pica S, Reant P, et al. Prognostic Value of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Circulation. 2015;132:1570-9.
167. Karur GR, Robison S, Iwanochko RM, et al. Use of myocardial T1 mapping at 3.0 T to differentiate Anderson-Fabry disease from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Radiology. 2018;288(2):398-406.
168. Sado DM, White SK, Piechnik SK, et al. Identification and assessment of Anderson-Fabry disease by cardiovascular magnetic resonance noncontrast myocardial T1 mapping. Circulation Cardiovascular imaging. 2013;6:392-8.
169. Zhang J, Li Y, Xu Q, et al. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Meta-Analysis. Can Respir J. 2018;2018:7457369. doi:10.1155/2018/7457369.
170. Leong DP, Chakrabarty A, Shipp N, et al. Effects of myocardial fibrosis and ventricular dyssynchrony on response to therapy in new-presentation idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance and echocardiography. European heart journal. 2012;33:640-8.
171. Leyva F, Foley PW, Chalil S, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy guided by late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2011;13:29.
172. Leyva F, Taylor RJ, Foley PW, et al. Left ventricular midwall fibrosis as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2012;60:1659-67.
173. Daoulah A, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Al-Faifi SM, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with postero-lateral scar by cardiac magnetic resonance: A systematic review and metaanalysis. J Electrocardiol. 2015;48(5):783-90. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2015.06.012.
174. Acosta J, Fernandez-Armenta J, Borras R, et al. Scar Characterization to Predict LifeThreatening Arrhythmic Events and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: The GAUDI-CRT Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(4):561-72. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.04.021.
175. Hoke U, Khidir MJ, van der Geest RJ, et al. Relation of Myocardial Contrast-Enhanced T1 Mapping by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(9):1456-62. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.01.023.
176. Nguyen UC, Mafi-Rad M, Aben JP, et al. A novel approach for left ventricular lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy: Intraprocedural integration of coronary venous electroanatomic mapping with delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(1):110-9. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.09.015.
177. Kockova R, Sedlacek K, Wichterle D, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy guided by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: A prospective, single-centre randomized study (CMR-CRT). Int J Cardiol. 2018;270:325-30.
178. Iles L, Pfluger H, Lefkovits L, et al. Myocardial fibrosis predicts appropriate device therapy in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;57:821-8.
179. Disertori M, Rigoni M, Pace N, et al. Myocardial fibrosis assessment by LGE is a powerful predictor of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ischemic and nonischemic LV dysfunction. A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2016;9:1046-55.
180. Roes SD, Borleffs CJ, van der Geest RJ, et al. Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:183-90.
181. Demirel F, Adiyaman A, Timmer JR, et al. Myocardial scar characteristics based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177:392-9.
182. Scott PA, Rosengarten JA, Curzen NP, Morgan JM. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events: a meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15:1019-27.
183. SOLVD Investigators; Yusuf S, Pitt B, et al. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(5):293-302. doi:10.1056/NEJM199108013250501.
184. Velazquez EJ, Morrow DA, DeVore AD, et al; PIONEER-HF Investigators. Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(6):539-48. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812851. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2019;380(11):1090.
185. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, et al. Valsartan, captopril,or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(20):1893-906.
186. Maggioni AP, Anand I, Gottlieb SO, et al. Effects of Valsartan on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure Not Receiving Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(8):1414-21.
187. Dimopoulos K, Saukhe TV, Coats A, et al. Meta-analyses of mortality and morbidity effects of an angiotensin receptor blocker in patients with chronic heart failure already receiving an ACE inhibitor (alone or with a beta-blocker). Int J Cardiol. 2004;93(2-3):105-11.
188. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987;316 (23):1429-35.
189. Garg R, Yusuf S, for the Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA. 1995;273(18):1450-6.
190. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation.1999;100(23):2312-8.
191. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival And Ventricular Enlargement Trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(10):669-77.
192. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. The SOLVD investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(10):685-91.
193. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet. 1993;342(8875):821-8.
194. Cleland JGF, Tendera M, Adamus J, et al. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2338-45.
195. Pflugfelder PW, Baird MG, Tonkon MJ, et al. Clinical consequences of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor withdrawal in chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quinapril. The Quinapril Heart Failure Trial Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(6):1557-63. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(93)90578-o.
196. Widimsky J, Kremer HJ, Jerie P, Uhhr O. Czech and Slovak spirapril intervention study (CASSIS). A randomized, placebo and active-controlled, double-blind multicentre trial in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;49(1-2):95-102. doi:10.1007/BF00192366.
197. Erhardt L, MacLean A, Ilgenfritz J, et al. Fosinopril attenuates clinical deterioration and improves exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure. Fosinopril Efficacy/Safety Trial (FEST) Study Group. Eur Heart J. 1995;16(12):1892-9. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060844.
198. McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al., PARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014;371:993-1004.
199. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al, for the U. S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996;334 (21):1349-55.
200. Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, Leimberger JD, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients on beta-blocker therapy admitted with worsening chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(2):169-74.
201. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomized trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):9-13.
202. Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomized trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1385-90.
203. Jondeau G, Neuder Y, Eicher JC, et al. B-CONVINCED: Betablocker CONtinuation Vs. INterruption in patients with Congestive heart failure hospitalizED for a decompensation episode. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(18):2186-92.
204. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):709-17.
205. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H. et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364 (1):11-21.
206. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(6):543-51.
207. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995-2008. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1911303.
208. Faris R, Flather M, Purcell H, et al. Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure: a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol. 2002;82:149-58.
209. Faris RF, Flather M, Purcell H, et al. Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD003838.
210. Dormans TP, van Meyel JJ, Gerlag PG, et al. Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus continuous infusion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28(2):376-82.
211. Vargo DL, Kramer WG, Black PK, et al. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of torsemide and furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995;57(6):601-9.
212. Patterson JH, Adams KFJr, Applefeld MM, et al. for the Torasemide Investigators Group. Oral torsemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure: effects on body weight, edema, and electrolyte excretion. Pharmacotherapy. 1994;14 (5):514-21.
213. Brater D. Torasemid: pharmacokinetic and clinical efficacy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3(Suppl G):19-24.
214. Cosin J, Diez J. Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4(4):507-13.
215. Fortuno A, Muniz P, Ravassa S, et al. Torasemide inhibits angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction and intracellular calcium increase in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension.1999;34(1):138-43.
216. Yamato M, Sasaki T, Honda K, et al. Effects of torasemide on left ventricular function and neurohumoral factors in patients with chronic heart failure. Circ J. 2003;67(5):384-90.
217. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensinconverting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM — Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):772-6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14284-5.
218. Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensinreceptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(23):1667-75.
219. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced leftventricular systolic function taking angiotensinconvertingenzyme inhibitors: the CHARM — Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):767-71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14283-3.
220. Bohm M, Borer J, Ford I, et al. Heart rate at baseline influences the effect of ivabradine on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic heart failure: analysis from the SHIFT study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2013;102:11-22.
221. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):875-85.
222. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, et al. Effects on outcomes of heart rate reduction by ivabradine in patients with congestive heart failure: is there an influence of beta-blocker dose?: findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart failure treatment with the I(f) inhibitor ivabradine Trial) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1938-45.
223. Fox K, Komajda KM, Ford I, et al. Effect of ivabradine in patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the BEAUTIFUL and SHIFT trials. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(29):2263-70. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht101.
224. Hobbs RE. Digoxin's effect on mortality and hospitalization in heart failure: implications of the DIG study. Digitalis Investigation Group. Cleve Clin J Med. 1997;64(5):234-7. doi:10.3949/ccjm.64.5.234.
225. Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Lack of evidence of increased mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation taking digoxin: findings from post hoc propensity-matched analysis of the AFFIRM trial. Eur Heart J. 2013;34 (20):1489-97.
226. Jorge E, Baptista R, Martins H, et al. Digoxin in advanced heart failure patients: a question of rhythm. Rev Port Cardiol. 2013;32(4):303-10.
227. Gheorghiade M, Patel K, Filippatos G, et al. Effect of oral digoxin in high-risk heart failure patients: a pre-specified subgroup analysis of the DIG trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15(5):551-9.
228. Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Wang Y, et al. Association of serum digoxin concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure. JAMA. 2003;289(7):871-8.
229. Adams KF, Patterson JH, Gattis WA, et al. Relationship of serum digoxin concentration to mortality and morbidity in women in the digitalis investigation group trial: a retrospective analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46 (3):497-504.
230. Malik A, Masson R, Singh S, et al. Digoxin Discontinuation and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Aug. 2019;74(5):617-27. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.05.064.
231. The GISSI-HF investigators. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1223-30.
232. Lucas M, Kimmig M, Karalis G. Do omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent cardiovascular disease? A review of the randomized clinical trials. Lipid Insights. 2013;6:13-20.
233. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(24):1547-52.
234. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(20):2049-57.
235. Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN, for the Vasodilator — Heart Failure Trial Study Group. Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. J Card Fail. 1999;5(3):178-87.
236. Kjekshus J, Dunselman P, Blideskog M, et al. A statin in the treatment of heart failure? Controlled rosuvastatin multinational study in heart failure (CORONA): Study design and baseline characteristics. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7(6):1059-69.
237. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1231-9.
238. Homma S, Thompson JL, Pullicino PM, et al, WARCEF Investigators.Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1859-69.
239. Zannad F, Anker SD, Byra WM, et al; COMMANDER HF Investigators. Rivaroxaban in Patients with Heart Failure, Sinus Rhythm, and Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(14):1332-42. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1808848.
240. Sulaica EM, Macaulay TE, Helbing RR, et al. A comparison of anticoagulation, antiplatelet, and placebo treatment for patients with heart failure reduced ejection fraction in sinus rhythm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2020;25(2):207-16. doi:10.1007/s10741-019-09818-w.
241. Gheorghiade M, Bohm M, Greene SJ, et al.; ASTRONAUT Investigators and Coordinators. Effect of aliskiren on postdischarge mortality and heart failure readmissions among patients hospitalized for heart failure: the ASTRONAUT randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;309(11):1125-35.
242. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al.; ALTITUDE Investigators. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2204-13.
243. Komajda M, McMurray JJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Heart failure events with rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:824-31.
244. Hernandez AV, Usmani A, Rajamanickam A, Moheet A. Thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in patients with or at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and metaregression analysis of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2011;11:115-28.
245. Erdmann E, Charbonnel B, Wilcox RG, et al. Pioglitazone use and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes and preexisting cardiovascular disease: data from the PROactive study (PROactive 08). Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2773-8.
246. Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S. Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group. Circulation. 1991;83:52-60.
247. Cohn JN, Ziesche S, Smith R, et al. Effect of the calcium antagonist felodipine as supplementary vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril: V-HeFT III. Vasodilator — Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation. 1997;96(3):856-63.
248. Thackray S, Witte K, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Clinical trials update: OPTIME-CHF, PRAISE-2, ALL-HAT. Eur J Heart Fail. 2000;2(2):209-12.
249. Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, et al. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(15):1107-14.
250. Huerta C, Varas-Lorenzo C, Castellsague J, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of first hospital admission for heart failure in the general population. Heart. 2006;92:1610-5.
251. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppressionafter myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(6):406-12.
252. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(12):781-8.
253. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal. 2016;37:2129-200. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128.
254. Cleland JGF, Calvert M, Freemantle N, et al. The heart failure revascularization trial (HEART). Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:227-33.
255. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, et al, STICH Investigators. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1607-16.
256. Panza JA, Holly TA, Asch FM, et al. Inducible myocardial ischemia and outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1860-70.
257. Carson P, Wertheimer J, Miller A, et al. The STICH trial (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure): mode-of-death results. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1:400-8.
258. Packer M. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study. Circulation. 2002;106:2194-9.
259. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9377):7-13.
260. Desai AS, McMurray JJ, Packer M, et al. Effect of the angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 compared with enalapril on mode of death in heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(30):1990-7. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv186.
261. Wyse D, Friedman PL, Epstein AE. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576-83.
262. Connolly SJ, Hallstrom AP, Cappato R, et al. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:2071-8.
263. Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, et al. Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation. 2000;101:1297-302.
264. Kuck KH, Cappato R, Siebels J, Ruppel R. Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation. 2000;102:748-54.
265. Oseroff O, Retyk E, Bochoeyer A. Subanalyses of secondary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator trials: antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators (AVID), Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS), and Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Curr Opin Cardiol. 2004;19:26-30.
266. Al-Khatib SM, Sanders GD, Mark DB, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: randomized trial evidence through 2004. Am Heart J. 2005;149(6):1020-34. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.005.
267. Shen L, Jhund PS, Petrie MC, et al. Declining risk of sudden death in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:41-51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1609758.
268. Lafuente-Lafuente C, Valembois L, Bergmann J-F, Belmin J. Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD005049.
269. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure, flecainide and propafenone in patients with cardiac disease and complex ventricular arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic Drug Evaluation Group (A.D.E.G.). Eur Heart J. 1992;13:1251-8.
270. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJV, et al. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2678-87.
271. Koplan BA, Kaplan AJ, Weiner S, et al. Heart failure decompensation and all-cause mortality in relation to percent biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure: is a goal of 100% biventricular pacing necessary? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(4):355-60. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.043.
272. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:225-37.
273. Torp-Pedersen C. Metra M, Spark P, et al. The safety of amiodarone in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail. 2007;13:340-5.
274. Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG, et al. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:77-82.
275. Deyell MW, Park KM, Han Y, et al. Predictors of recovery of left ventricular dysfunction after ablation of frequent ventricular premature depolarizations. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:1465-72.
276. Baman TS, Lange DC, Ilg KJ, et al. Relationship between burden of premature ventricular complexes and left ventricular function. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:865-9.
277. Ban JE, Park HC, Park JS, et al. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics of premature ventricular complexes associated with left ventricular dysfunction in patients without structural heart disease. Europace. 2013;15:735-41.
278. Chatterjee S, Ghosh J, Lichstein E, et al. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes with dronedarone in patients with atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:607-13.
279. Atti V, Vuddanda V, Turagam MK, et al. Prophylactic catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in ischemic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2018;53(2):207-15. doi:10.1007/s10840-018-0376-5.
280. Santangeli P, Muser D, Maeda S, et al. Comparative effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation for the prevention of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(7):1552-9. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.004.
281. Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, et al; Optimal Pharmacological Therapy in Cardioverter Defibrillator Patients (OPTIC) Investigators. Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295:165-71. doi:10.1001/jama.295.2.165.
282. Dinov B, Fiedler L, Schonbauer R, et al. Outcomes in catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy compared with ischemic cardiomyopathy: results from the Prospective Heart Centre of Leipzig VT (HELP-VT) Study. Circulation. 2014;129:728-36.
283. Blanck Z, Dhala A, Deshpande S, et al. Bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia: cumulative experience in 48 patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1993;4:253-62.
284. Caceres J, Jazayeri M, McKinnie J, et al. Sustained bundle branch reentry as a mechanism of clinical tachycardia. Circulation. 1989;79:256-70.
285. Proietti R, Essebag V, Beardsall J, et al. Substrate-guided ablation of haemodynamically tolerated and untolerated ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease: effect of cardiomyopathy type and acute success on long-term outcome. Europace. 2015;17:461-7.
286. Tchou P, Jazayeri M, Denker S, et al. Transcatheter electrical ablation of right bundle branch. A method of treating macroreentrant ventricular tachycardia attributed to bundle branch reentry. Circulation. 1988;78:246-57.
287. Tzou WS, Tung R, Frankel DS, et al. Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation in Severe Heart Failure: An International Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Center Collaboration. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10(1):e004494. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.116.004494.
288. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010;137:263-72.
289. Olesen JB, Lip GY, Hansen ML, et al. Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2011;342:d124.
290. Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1500-10.
291. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:857-67.
292. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al., RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139-51.
293. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al, ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981-92.
294. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al, ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883-91.
295. Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al., Investigators EA-T. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2093-104.
296. Xiong Q, Lau YC, Senoo K, et al. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in patients with concomitant atrial fibrillation and heart failure: a systemic review and metaanalysis of randomized trials. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1192-200.
297. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;383:955-62.
298. Wallentin L, Yusuf S, Ezekowitz MD, et al, RE-LY investigators. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet. 2010;376:975-83.
299. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, K0ber L, Torp-Pedersen C. Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1999;100:376-80.
300. Ducharme A, Swedberg K, Pfeffer MA, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by candesartan in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Am Heart J. 2006;152:86-92.
301. McMurray J, K0ber L, Robertson M, et al. Antiarrhythmic effect of carvedilol after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:525-30.
302. Swedberg K, Zannad F, McMurray JJV, et al. Eplerenone and atrial fibrillation in mild systolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1598-603.
303. Han M, Zhang Y, Sun S, et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors prevent the recurrence of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2013;62:405-15.
304. Brodsky MA, Allen BJ, Walker CJ, et al. Amiodarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation in the setting of a dilated left atrium. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60:572-75.
305. Deedwania PC, Singh BN, Ellenbogen K, et al. Spontaneous conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm by amiodarone in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: observations from the veterans affairs congestive heart failure survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy (CHF-STAT). The Department of Veterans Affairs CHF-STAT Investigators. Circulation. 1998;98:2574-9.
306. Shelton RJ, Clark AL, Goode K, et al. A randomised, controlled study of rate versus rhythm control in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and heart failure: (CAFE-II Study). Heart 2009;95:924-30.
307. Capucci A, Villani GQ, Aschieri D, et al. Oral amiodarone increases the efficacy of direct-current cardioversion in restoration of sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:66-73.
308. Hofmann R, Steinwender C, Kammler J, et al. Effects of a high dose intravenous bolus amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular rate. Int J Cardiol. 2006;110:27-32.
309. Hofmann R, Wimmer G, Leisch F. Intravenous amiodarone bolus immediately controls heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation accompanied by severe congestive heart failure. Heart. 2000;84:635.
310. Hagens VE, Crijns HJGM, Van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Rate control versus rhythm control for patients with persistent atrial fibrillation with mild to moderate heart failure: results from the RAte Control versus Electrical cardioversion (RACE) study. Am Heart J. 2005;149:1106-11.
311. Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1834-40.
312. Van Gelder IC, Wyse DG, Chandler ML, et al., RACE and AFFIRM Investigators. Does intensity of rate-control influence outcome in atrial fibrillation? An analysis of pooled data from the RACE and AFFIRM studies. Europace. 2006;8:935-42.
313. Li S-J, Sartipy U, Lund LH, et al. Prognostic significance of resting heart rate and use of b-blockers in atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: findings from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry. Circ Heart Fail. 2015;8:871-9.
314. Segal JB, McNamara RL, Miller MR, et al. The evidence regarding the drugs used for ventricular rate control In. J Fam Practice. 2000; 49:47-59.
315. Kotecha D, Holmes J, Krum H, et al. Efficacy of в blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014;384:2235-43.
316. Ziff OJ, Lane DA, Samra M, et al. Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data. BMJ. 2015;351:h4451.
317. Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, Safi S, et al. Digoxin for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193924. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193924.
318. Doshi RN, Daoud EG, Fellows C, et al. PAVE Study Group. Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation post AV nodal ablation evaluation (the PAVE study). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:1160-5.
319. Rationale and design of a study assessing treatment strategies of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure: the Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure (AF-CHF) trial. Am Heart J. 2002;144(4):597-607.
320. Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al.; CASTLE-AF Investigators. Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation with Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:417-27.
321. Packer DL, Mark DB, Robb RA, et al.; CABANA Investigators. Effect of Catheter Ablation vs Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy on Mortality, Stroke, Bleeding, and Cardiac Arrest Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: The CABANA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(13):1261-74. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0693.
322. Mark DB, Anstrom KJ, Sheng S, et al.; CABANA Investigators. Effect of Catheter Ablation vs Medical Therapy on Quality of Life Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: The CABANA Randomized Clinical Trial.. JAMA. 2019;321(13):1275-85. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0692.
323. Chen C, Zhou X, Zhu M, et al. Catheter ablation versus medical therapy for patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from randomized controlled trials. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2018;52:9-18.
324. Cleland JG, Keshavarzi F, Pellicori P, Dicken B. Case selection for cardiac resynchronization in atrial fibrillation. Heart Fail Clin. 2013;9:461-74.
325. Brignole M, Pokushalov E, Pentimalli Fet al.; APAF-CRT Investigators. A randomized controlled trial of atrioventricular junction ablation and cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and narrow QRS. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3999-4008.
326. Bohm M, Young R, Jhund PS, et al. Systolic blood pressure, cardiovascular outcomes and efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: results from PARADIGM-HF. Eur Heart J. 2017,38(15):1132-43. doi:10.1093/eur-heartj/ehw570.
327. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(22):1651-8.
328. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effects of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR / XL Randomized International Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001-7.
329. Schmieder RE, Rockstroh JK. Efficacy and tolerance of low-dose loop diuretics in hypertension. Cardiology. 1994;84,Suppl 2:36-42.
330. Spannbrucker N, Achhammer I, Metz P, Glocke M. Comparative study on the antihypertensive efficacy of torasemide and indapamide in patients with essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung. 1988;38(1A):190-3.
331. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: 14 — effects of different classes of antihypertensive drugs in older and younger patients: overview and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2018;36(8):1637-47. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001777.
332. Packer M, Carson P, Elkayam U, et al. Effect of Amlodipine on the Survival of Patients With Severe Chronic Heart Failure Due to a Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. JACC: Heart Failure. 2013;1(4):308-14. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2013.04.004.
333. Physicians Desk Reference. 47th ed. Montvale. NJ: Medical Economics Company. 1993:2250.
334. Cohn JN, Pfeffer MA, Rouleau J, et al, MOXCON Investigators. Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON). Eur J Heart Fail. 2003;5:659-67.
335. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone. JAMA. 2000;283:1967-75.
336. Dorszewski A, Gohmann E, Dorszewski B, et al. Vasodilation by urapidil in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure in addition to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors is not beneficial: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Card Fail. 1997;3:91-6.
337. Bayliss J, Norell MS, Canepa-Anson R, et al. Clinical importance of the renin-angiotensin system in chronic heart failure: double blind comparison of captopril and prazosin. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985;290:1861-5.
338. Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2248-61.
339. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, et al. Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:807-16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61170-8.
340. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, et al. Relationship between ivabradine treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction with limiting angina: a subgroup analysis of the randomized, controlled BEAUTIFUL trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2337-45.
341. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:303-10.
342. Vitale C, Spoletini I, MalorniW, et al. Efficacy of trimetazidine on functional capacity in symptomatic patients with stable exertional angina — the VASCO-angina study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:1078-81.
343. Vitale C, Wajngaten M, Sposato B, et al. Trimetazidine improves left ventricular function and quality of life in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1814-21.
344. Gao D, Ning N, Niu X, et al. Trimetazidine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in heart failure. Heart. 2011;97:278-86.
345. Pursnani S, Korley F, Gopaul R, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus optimal medical therapy in stable coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:476-90.
346. Panza JA, Holly TA, Asch FM, et al. Percutaneous coronary interventions for non-acute coronary artery disease: a quantitative 20-year synopsis and a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373:911-8.
347. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(22):2117-28. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.
348. Sonesson C, Johansson PA, Johnsson E, Gause-Nilsson I. Cardiovascular effects of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and different risk categories: a meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2016;15(1). doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0356-y.
349. Radholm K, Figtree G, Perkovic V, et al. Canagliflozin and Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation. 2018;138:458-68.
350. Masoudi FA. Thiazolidinediones, Metformin, and Outcomes in Older Patients With Diabetes and Heart Failure: An Observational Study. Circulation. 2005;111(5):583-90. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000154542.13412.B1.
351. Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, et al. Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2345-51.
352. MacDonald MR, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and outcomes in patients with heart failure: a nested case-control study from the U. K. General Practice Research Database. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1213-8.
353. Boussageon R, Supper I, Bejan-Angoulvant T, et al. Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001204.
354. Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al; SAVOR-TIMI 53 Steering Committee and Investigators. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1317-26.
355. Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al; TECOS Study Group. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:232-42.
356. Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen OE, et al; CARMELINA Investigators. Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk: the CARMELINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:69-79.
357. Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al.; EXSCEL Study Group. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1228-39.
358. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311-22.
359. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al.; ELIXA Investigators. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2015;373: 2247-57.
360. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834-44.
361. Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, et al; PIONEER 6 Investigators. Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1901118.
362. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al.; REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394:121-30.
363. Jorsal A, Kistorp C, Holmager P, et al L. Effect of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on left ventricular function in stable chronic heart failure patients with and without diabetes (LIVE)-a multicentre, doubleblind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:69-77.
364. Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, et al; NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Effects of liraglutide on clinical stability among patients with advanced heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316:500-8.
365. Hawkins NM, Macdonald MR, Petrie MC, et al. Bisoprolol in patients with heart failure and moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:684-90.
366. Lainscak M, Podbregar M, Kovacic D, et al. Differences between bisoprolol and carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Respir Med. 2011;105, Suppl. 1:S44-S49.
367. Jabbour A, Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, et al. Differences between beta-blockers in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized crossover trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(17):1780-7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.024.
368. Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD003566. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003566.pub2.
369. Dungen HD, Apostolovic S, Inkrot S, et al. Titration to target dose of bisoprolol vs. carvedilol in elderly patients with heart failure: the CIBIS-ELD trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(6):670-80. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfr020.
370. Tavazzi L, Swedberg K, Komajda M, et al. Clinical profiles and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An efficacy and safety analysis of SHIFT study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013;170(2):182-8. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.068.
371. Swedberg K, Young JB, Anand IS, et al. Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1210-9.
372. Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, et al. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:657-68.
373. Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2436-48.
374. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briet E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation. 1994;89:635-41.
375. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1206-14.
376. Glassman AH. Cardiovascular Effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Annual Review of Medicine. 1984;35(1):503-11. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.35.020184.002443.
377. Pacher P, Ungvari Z, Nanasi PP, et al. Speculations on difference between tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on their cardiac effects. Is there any? Curr Med Chem. 1999;6(6):469-80.
378. Jordan S, Koprivica V, Chen R, et al. The antipsychotic aripiprazole is a potent, partial agonist at the human 5-HT1A receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;441(3):137-40.
379. Gelbrich G, Stork S, KreiBl-Kemmer S, et al. Effects of structured heart failure disease management on mortality and morbidity depend on patients' mood: results from the Interdisciplinary Network for Heart Failure Study: Effects of structured HF management depend on patients' mood. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(10):1133-41. doi:10.1002/ejhf.150.
380. Anker SD, Thompson DR, Clark AM. A meta-review of evidence on heart failure disease management programs: the challenges of describing and synthesizing evidence on complex interventions. Trials. 2011;12(1). doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-194.
381. de la Porte PWFB-A, Lok DJA, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Added value of a physician-and-nurse-directed heart failure clinic: results from the Deventer-Alkmaar heart failure study. Heart. 2007;93(7):819-25. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.095810.
382. Tu R-H, Zeng Z-Y, Zhong G-Q, et al. Effects of exercise training on depression in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: Effects of exercise training on depression in HF: a systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(7):749-57. doi:10.1002/ejhf.101.
383. Беграмбекова Ю. Л., Мареев В. Ю., Дробижев М. Ю. Школы для пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью. Есть ли ШАНС повлиять на депрессию и тревогу? Вторичный (Post-hoc) анализ исследования ШАНС (Школа и Амбулаторное Наблюдение больных Сердечной недостаточностью). Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность. 2016;17(6):433-42. doi:10.18087/rhfj.2016.6.2281.
384. O'Connor CM, Jiang W, Kuchibhatla M, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Sertraline for Depression in Patients With Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010;56 (9):692-9. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.068.
385. Angermann CE, Gelbrich G, Stork S, et al. Effect of Escitalopram on All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Patients With Heart Failure and Depression: The MOOD-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;315(24):2683. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7635.
386. Heiat A, Gross CP, Krumholz HM. Representation of the elderly, women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002;(162):1682-8.
387. Seo WW, Park JJ, Park HA, et al. Guideline-directed medical therapy in elderly patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e030514. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030514.
388. Cleland JGF, Bunting KV, Flather MD, et al. Beta-blockers in Heart Failure Collaborative Group. Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:26-35.
389. Lund LH, Claggett B, Liu J, et al. Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction in CHARM: characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire ejection fraction spectrum. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:1230-9.
390. Solomon SD, Claggett B, Lewis EF, et al; TOPCAT Investigators. Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:455-62.
391. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, et al; PARAGON-HF Investigators and Committees. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(17):1609-20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1908655.
392. Ahmed A, Rich MW, Fleg JL, et al. Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial. Circulation. 2006;114(5):397-403. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628347.
393. Azizova AG, Ovchinnikov AG, Blankova ZN, Ageev FT. In patients with elevated LV filling pressure loop diuretics improve severity of heart failure and diastolic dysfunction, but torasemide does it somewhat better than furosemide. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;10(Suppl 2):S186.
394. Adamson PB, Abraham WT, Bourge RC, et al. Wireless pulmonary artery pressure monitoring guides management to reduce decompensation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2014 Nov;7(6):935-44. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.001229.
395. Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJS, et al, SENIORS Investigators. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J. 2005;26:215-25.
396. Mulder BA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Crijns HJGM, et al. Effect of nebivolol on outcome in elderly patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: insights from SENIORS. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:1171-8.
397. van Veldhuisen DJ, Cohen-Solal A, Bohm M, et al. Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:2150-8.
398. Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Assmann SF, et al. Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1383-92.
399. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003;362:777-81.
400. Hernandez AF, Hammill BG, O'Connor CM, et al. Clinical effectiveness of beta-blockers in heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure) Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(2):184-92.
401. Martin N, Manoharan K, Thomas J, et al. Beta-blockers and inhibitors of the reninangiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:CD012721.
402. Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, et al. Sacubitril/Valsartan Across the Spectrum of Ejection Fraction in Heart Failure. Circulation. 2020;141(5):352-61. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044586.
403. Hage F, Hage A, Haddad H, Kiaii B. Update on revascularization in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2018;33(2):232-6. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000483.
404. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, et al.; STICHES Investigators. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1511-20.
405. Wrobel K, Stevens SR, Jones RH, et al. Influence of baseline characteristics, operative conduct, and postoperative course on 30-day outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting among patients with left ventricular dysfunction: Results from the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) Trial. Circulation. 2015;132:720-30.
406. Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: Overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration. Lancet. 1994;344:563-70.
407. Bangalore S, Guo Y, Samadashvili Z, et al. Revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction: Everolimus-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 2016;133:2132-40.
408. Wolff G, Dimitroulis D, Andreotti F, et al. Survival benefits of invasive versus conservative strategies in heart failure in patients with reduced ejection fraction and coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail. 2017;10:e003255.
409. Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(7):1151-8.
410. Michler RE, Rouleau JL, Al-Khalidi HR, et al, STICH Trial Investigators. Insights from the. STICH trial: Change in left ventricular size after coronary artery bypass grafting . with and without surgical ventricular reconstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;146:1139-45.e6
411. Jones RH, Velazquez EJ, Michler RE, et al, STICH Hypothesis 2 Investigators. Coronary bypass surgery with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1705-17.
412. Dor V, Civaia F, Alexandrescu C, et al. Favorable effects of . left ventricular reconstruction in patients excluded from the Surgical . Treatments for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:905-16, 916 e1-e4.
413. Oh JK, Velazquez EJ, Menicanti L, et al, STICH Investigators. Influence of baseline left ventricular . function on the clinical outcome of surgical ventricular reconstruction in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:39-47.
414. Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, et al. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:873-80.
415. Cleland J, Daubert J, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1539-49.
416. Cleland JGF, Daubert J-C, Erdmann E, et al. Longer-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on mortality in heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1928-32.
417. Cleland JGF, Freemantle N, Erdmann E, et al. Long-term mortality with cardiac resynchronization therapy in the Cardiac Resynchronization — Heart Failure (CARE-HF) trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:628-34.
418. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2140-50.
419. Cleland JG, Abraham WT, Linde C, et al. An individual patient meta-analysis of five randomized trials assessing the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on morbidity and mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3547-56.
420. Tang ASL, Wells GA, Talajic M, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2385-95.
421. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1329-38.
422. Goldenberg I, Kutyifa V, Klein HU, et al. Survival with cardiac-resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1694-701.
423. Linde C, Abraham WT, Gold MR, et al. Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1834-43.
424. Daubert C, Gold MR, Abraham WT, et al, REVERSE Study Group. Prevention of disease progression by cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction: insights from the European cohort of the REVERSE trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1837-46.
425. Linde C, Gold MR, Abraham WT, et al. Long-term impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure: 5-year results from the REsynchronization reVErses Remodeling in Systolic left vEntricular dysfunction (REVERSE) study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2592-9.
426. Woods B, Hawkins N, Mealing S, et al. Individual patient data network meta-analysis of mortality effects of implantable cardiac devices. Heart. 2015;101:1800-6.
427. Curtis AB, Worley SJ, Adamson PB, et al. Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1585-93.
428. Brignole M, Botto G, Mont L, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients undergoing atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:2420-9.
429. Leclercq C, Walker S, Linde C, et al. Comparative effects of permanent biventricular and right-univentricular pacing in heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:1780-7.
430. Stavrakis S., Garabelli P., Reynolds D.W. Cardiac resynchronization therapy after atrioventricular junction ablation for symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Europace 2012;14:1490-1497
431. MacDonald MR, Connelly DT, Hawkins NM, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with advanced heart failure and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomised controlled trial. Heart. 2011;97:740-7.
432. Jones DG, Haldar SK, Hussain W, et al. A randomized trial to assess catheter ablation versus rate control in the management of persistent atrial fibrillation in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1894-903.
433. Upadhyay GA, Choudhry NK, Auricchio A, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1239-46.
434. Gasparini M, Leclercq C, Lunati M, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. The CERTIFY Study (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Multinational Registry). JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1:500-7.
435. Gage RM, Burns KV, Bank AJ. Echocardiographic and clinical response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients with and without previous right ventricular pacing. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:1199-205.
436. Funck RC, Mueller H-H, Lunati M, et al. Characteristics of a large sample of candidates for permanent ventricular pacing included in the Biventricular Pacing for Atrioventricular Block to Prevent Cardiac Desynchronization Study (BioPace). Europace. 2014;16:354-62.
437. Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1395-405.
438. Steffel J, Robertson M, Singh JP, et al. The effect of QRS duration on cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with a narrow QRS complex: a subgroup analysis of the EchoCRT trial. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1983-9.
439. Zusterzeel R, Selzman KA, Sanders W, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in women:US Food and Drug Administration meta-analysis of patient-level data. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1340-8.
440. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877-83.
441. Desai AS, Fang JC, Maisel WH, Baughman KL. Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2004;292:2874-9.
442. Sanders GD, Hlatky MA, Owens DK. Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverterdefibrillators. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1471-80.
443. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, et al. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2481-8
444. Teinbeck G, Andresen D, Seidl K, et al. Defibrillator implantation early after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1427-36.
445. Steinberg BA, AlKhatib SM, Edwards R, et al. Outcomes of implantable cardioverterdefibrillator use in patients with comorbidities: results from a combined analysis of 4 randomized clinical trials. JACC Heart Fail. 2014;2:623-9.
446. Raphael CE, Finegold JA, Barron AJ, et al. The effect of duration of follow-up and presence of competing risk on lifespan-gain from implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy: who benefits the most? Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1676-88.
447. Miller RJH, Howlett JG, Exner DV, et al. Baseline functional class and therapeutic efficacy of common heart failure interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31:792-9.
448. Merchant FM, Jones P, Wehrenberg S, et al. Incidence of defibrillator shocks after elective generator exchange following uneventful first battery life. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001289.
449. Yap S-C, Schaer BA, Bhagwandien RE, et al. Evaluation of the need of elective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator replacement in primary prevention patients without prior appropriate ICD therapy. Heart. 2014;100:1188-92.
450. Kini V, Soufi MK, Deo R, et al. Appropriateness of primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators at the time of generator replacement: are indications still met? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2388-94.
451. Erkapic D, Sperzel J, Stiller S, et al. Long-term benefit of implantable cardioverter/ defibrillator therapy after elective device replacement: Results of the INcidence free SUrvival after ICD REplacement (INSURE) trial — a prospective multicentre study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:130-7.
452. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Homer M, Maddukuri PV, et al. Time-dependence of appropriate implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:784-9.
453. Leon Salas B, Trujillo-Martm MM, Garda Garda J, et al. Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death: A meta-analysis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2019. doi: 10.1111/pace.13774.
454. Abraham WT, Kuck KH, Goldsmith RL, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Cardiac Contractility Modulation. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6:874-83.
455. Abraham WT, Nademanee K, Volosin K, et al; FIX-HF-5 Investigators and Coordinators. Subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure. J Card Fail. 2011;17(9):710-7. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.05.006.
456. Kadish A, Nademanee K, Volosin K, et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure. Am Heart J. 2011;161(2):329-37.e1-2. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.10.025.
457. Borggrefe MM, Lawo T, Butter C, et al. Randomized, double blind study of non-excitatory, cardiac contractility modulation electrical impulses for symptomatic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(8):1019-28. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn020.
458. Frazier OH, Rose EA, Macmanus Q, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the HeartMate 1000 ip left ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;53:1080-90.
459. Gustafsson F, Shaw S, Lavee J, et al. Six-month outcomes after treatment of advanced heart failure with a full magnetically levitated continuous flow left ventricular assist device: report from the ELEVATE registry. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(37):3454-60. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy513.
460. Jorde UP, Kushwaha SS, Tootles AJ, et al. Results of the destination therapy post-food and drug dministration approval study with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device: a prospective study using the INTERMACS registry (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1751-7.
461. Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Kormos RL, et al. Interagency registry for mechanically assisted circulatory support (INTERMACS) analysis of pump thrombosis in the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33:12-22.
462. Mehra MR, Salerno C, Cleveland JC, et al. Health Care Resource Use and Cost Implications in the MOMENTUM 3 Long-Term Outcome Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Magnetically Levitated Cardiac Pump in Advanced Heart Failure. Circulation. 2018;138(18):1923-34. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035722.
463. Mehra MR, Uriel N, Naka Y, et al. A Fully Magnetically Levitated Ventricular Assist DeviceFinal Report. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(17):1618-27. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1900486.
464. Netuka I, Sood P, Pya Y, et al. Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist System for Treating Advanced HF: A Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(23):2579-89. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.083.
465. Rose EA, Moskowitz AJ, Packer M, et al. The rematch trial: Rationale, design, and end points. Randomized evaluation of mechanical assistance for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:723-30.
466. Schmitto JD, Hanke JS, Rojas SV, et al. First implantation in man of a new magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device (HeartMate III). J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34:858-60.
467. Starling RC, Estep JD, Horstmanshof DA, et al; ROADMAP Study Investigators (2017). Risk Assessment and Comparative Effectiveness of Left Ventricular Assist Device and Medical Management in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients: The ROADMAP Study 2-Year Results. JACC Heart Fail. 2017;5:518-27.
468. O'Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, et al., HF-ACTION Investigators. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1439-50
469. Taylor RS, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4:CD003331.
470. Nolte K, Herrmann-Lingen C, Wachter R, et al. Effects of exercise training on different quality of life dimensions in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Ex-DHF-P trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22:582-93.
471. Ismail H, McFarlane JR, Nojoumian AH, et al. Clinical outcomes and cardiovascular responses to different exercise training intensities in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1:514-22.
472. Piepoli MF, Conraads V, Corra U, et al. Exercise training in heart failure: from theory to practice. A consensus document of the Heart Failure Association and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:347-57.
473. Wang MH, Yeh ML. Respiratory training interventions improve health status of heart failure patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Clin Cases. 2019;7(18):2760-75.
474. Adamopoulos S, Schmid J-P, Dendale P, et al. Combined aerobic/inspiratory muscle training vs. aerobic training in patients with chronic heart failure: The Vent-HeFT trial: a European prospective multicentre randomized trial. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2014;16(5):574-82. doi:10.1002/ejhf.70.
475. Feltner C, Jones CD, Cene CW, et al. Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:774-84.
476. McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua S, McMurray JJ. Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:810-9.
477. Phillips CO, Wright SM, Kern DE, et al. Comprehensive discharge planning with postdischarge support for older patients with congestive heart failure: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291:1358-67.
478. Stewart S, Vandenbroek AJ, Pearson S, Horowitz JD. Prolonged beneficial effects of a home-based intervention on unplanned readmissions and mortality among patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:257-61.
479. Schou M, Gustafsson F, Videbaek L, et al. Extended heart failure clinic follow-up in low-risk patients: a randomized clinical trial (NorthStar). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:432-42.
480. Luttik MLA, Jaarsma T, van Geel PP, et al. Long-term follow-up in optimally treated and stable heart failure patients: primary care vs. heart failure clinic. Results of the COACH-2 study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:1241-8.
481. Adams KF Jr, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J. 2005;149:209-16.
482. Harjola VP, Lassus J, Sionis A, et al. Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:501-9.
483. Nieminen M, Brutsaert D, Dickstain K, et al. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(22):2725-36.
484. Gheorghiade M, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Systolic blood pressure at admission, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. JAMA. 2006;296(18):2217-26.
485. Арутюнов А. Г., Рылова А. К., Арутюнов Г.П. Регистр госпитализированных пациентов с декомпенсацией кровообращения (павловский регистр). Сообщение 1. Современная клиническая характеристика пациента с декомпенсацией кровообращения. Клинические фенотипы пациентов. Журнал сердечная недостаточность. 2014;15(1):23-32.
486. Schiff GD, Fung S, Speroff T, McNutt RA. Decompensated heart failure: symptoms, patterns of onset, and contributing factors. Am J Med. 2003;114(8):625-30.
487. O'Connor CM, Stough WG, Gallup DS, et al. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: observations from the IMPACT-HF registry. J Card Fail. 2005;11(3):200-5.
488. Valente MA, Voors AA, Damman K, et al. Diuretic response in acute heart failure: clinical characteristics and prognostic significance. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:1284-93.
489. Shepperd S, McClaran J, Phillips CO, et al. Discharge planning from hospital to home. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD000313.
490. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Godoy B, Schefold JC, et al. Decompensated Heart Failure and Renal Failure: What Is the Current Evidence? Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2018;15(4):224-38.
491. Mebazaa A, Parissis J, Porcher R, et al. Short-term survival by treatment among patients hospitalized with acute heart failure: the global ALARM-HF registry using propensityscoring methods. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:290-301.
492. Фомин И. В., Краием Н., Поляков Д. С., и др. Понятие стабильности течения ХСН — приемлемо ли оно для российской практики? Кардиология. 2018;58(S3):55-63.
493. Stewart S. Financial aspects of heart failure programs of care. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7:423-8.
494. Shafie AA, Tan YP, Ng CH. Systematic review of economic burden of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(1):131-45.
495. McAlister FA, Lawson FM, Teo KK, et al. A systematic review of randomized trials of disease management programs in heart failure. Am J Med. 2001;110:378-84.
496. Виноградова Н.Г., Жиркова М.М., Фомин И.В., Поляков Д.С. Эффективность лечения хронической сердечной недостаточности на амбулаторном этапе в условиях городского центра ХСН. Журнал сердечная недостаточность. 2017;18(4):270-8.
497. Фомин И.В., Виноградова Н.Г., Фарзалиев М. И., и др. Эффективность наблюдения пациентов в условиях специализированного центра лечения хронической сердечной недостаточности. Неотложная кардиология и кардиоваскулярные риски. 2018;2(1):221-9.
498. Виноградова Н.Г., Поляков Д.С., Фомин И.В., Жиркова М.М. Прогноз жизни пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью и фибрилляцией предсердий в зависимости от контроля гемодинамических показателей и толерантности к физической нагрузке на фоне базисной терапии. Кардиология. 2019;59(4S):51-8.
499. Виноградова Н. Г. Городской центр лечения хронической сердечной недостаточности: организация работы и эффективность лечения пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью. Кардиология. 2019;59(2S):31-9.
500. Inglis SC, Clark RA, McAlister FA, et al. Structured telephone support or telemonitoring programmes for patients with chronic heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (8):CD007228.
501. Koehler F, Winkler S, Schieber M, et al. Telemedial interventional monitoring in Heart Failure (TIM-HF), a randomized, controlled intervention trial investigating the impact of telemedicine on mortality in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:1354-62.
502. Jack BW, Chetty VK, Anthony D, et al. A reengineered hospital discharge program to decrease rehospitalization: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(3):178-87.
503. Linden A, Butterworth S. A comprehensive hospital-based intervention to reduce readmissions for chronically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Manag Care. 2014;20(10): 783-92.
504. Wakefield BJ, Boren SA, Groves PS, Conn VS. Heart failure care management programs: a review of study interventions and meta-analysis of outcomes. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2013;28(1):8-19.
505. Van Spall HGC, Lee SF, Xie F, et al. Effect of Patient-Centered Transitional Care Services on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure. The PACT-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(8):753-61. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0710.
506. Sochalski J, Jaarsma T, Krumholz HM, et al. What works in chronic care management: the case of heart failure? Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28:179-89.
507. Van Spall HGC, Rahman T, Mytton O, et al. Comparative effectiveness of transitional care services in patients discharged from the hospital with heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(11):1427-43.
508. Masoudi FA. A Transitional-Care Model to Reduce Readmissions After Heart Failure? JAMA. 2019;321: doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0710.
509. Krumholz HM, Amatruda J, Smith GL, et al. Randomized trial of an education and support intervention to prevent readmission of patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:83-9.
510. Stewart S, Horowitz JD. Home-based intervention in congestive heart failure: long-term implications on readmission and survival. Circulation. 2002;105:2861-6.
511. Беленков Ю.Н., Агеев Ф. Т., Банщиков Г. Т. и др. Влияние специализированных форм активного амбулаторного ведения на функциональный статус, качество жизни и показатели гемодинамики больных с выраженной сердечной недостаточностью. Результаты Российской программы “Шанс”. Сердечная недостаточность. 2007;3:112-6.
512. Фомин И. В., Виноградова Н. Г. Организация специализированной медицинской помощи больным с хронической сердечной недостаточностью. CardioCoMaTUka. 2017;8(3):10-5.
513. Setoguchi S, Stevenson LW, Schneeweiss S. Repeated hospitalizations predict mortality in the community population with heart failure. American Heart Journal. 2007;154(2):260-6. doi:10.1016/j. ahj. 2007.01.041.
514. Maggioni AP, Dahlstrom U, Filippatos G, et al. EURObservational Research Programme: regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot). Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15(7):808-17. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hft050.
515. Fonarow G, Stough W, Abraham W, et al. Characteristics, Treatments, and Outcomes of Patients With Preserved Systolic Function Hospitalized for Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2007;50(8):768-77. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.064.
516. Alon D, Stein GY, Korenfeld R, Fuchs S. Predictors and outcomes of infection-related hospital admissions of heart failure patients. PLoS One. 2013;8:e72476. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072476.
517. Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Factors Identified as Precipitating Hospital Admissions for Heart Failure and Clinical Outcomes. Findings From OPTIMIZE-HF. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(8):847-54. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.8.847.
518. Sandoval C, Walter SD, Krueger P, et al. Risk of hospitalization during influenza season among a cohort of patients with congestive heart failure. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135:574-82. doi:10.1017/S095026880600714X.
519. Vardeny O, Claggett B, Udell JA, et al; PARADIGM-HF Investigators. Influenza vaccination in patients with chronic heart failure: the PARADIGM-HF trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2016; 4:152-8. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2015.10.012.
520. Mohseni H, Kiran A, Khorshidi R, Rahimi K. Influenza vaccination and risk of hospitalization in patients with heart failure: a self-controlled case series study. Eur Heart J. 2017; 38:32633. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw411.
521. Kopel E, Klempfner R, Goldenberg I. Influenza vaccine and survival in acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:264-70. doi:10.1002/ejhf.14.
522. Modin D, Jorgensen ME, Gislason G, et al. Influenza vaccine in heart failure: cumulative number of vaccinations, frequency, timing, and survival: a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. Circulation. 2019:139:575-89. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036788.
523. Antunes MM, Duarte GS, Brito D, et al. Pneumococcal vaccination in adults at very high risk or with established cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. European Heart Journal — Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes, qcaa030, doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa030.
524. Clive DM, Stoff JS. Renal syndromes associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med. 1984;310(9):563-72.
525. Dzau VJ, Packer M, Lilly LS, et al. Prostaglandins in severe congestive heart failure. Relation to activation of the renin-angiotensin system and hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 1984;310(6):347-52.
526. Van den Ouweland FA, Gribnau FW, Meyboom RH Congestive heart failure due to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the elderly Age Ageing. 1988;17(1):8-16
527. Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Thongprayoon C. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Risk of Incident Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies Clin Cardiol. 2016;39(2):111-8.
528. Doukky R, Avery E, Mangla A, et al. Impact of Dietary Sodium Restriction on Heart Failure Outcomes. JACC: Heart Failure. 2016;4 (1):24-35. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2015.08.007.
529. Paterna S, Gaspare P, Fasullo S, et al. Normal sodium diet compared with low-sodium diet in compensated congestive heart failure: is sodium an old enemy or a new friend? Clinical Science. 2008;114(3):221-30. doi:10.1042/CS2007019.
530. De Vecchis R, Paccone A, Di Maio M. Effects of a Restricted Water Intake on Various Clinical and Laboratory Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2020; doi: 10.23736/S0026-4725.20.05072-0. Online ahead of print.
531. Walsh CR, Larson MG, Evans JC, et al. Alcohol Consumption and Risk for Congestive Heart Failure in the Framingham Heart Study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002;136(3):181. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00005.
532. Harjola VP, Mullens W, Banaszewski M, et al. Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:821-36.
533. Bjork JB, Alton KK, Georgiopoulou VV, et al. Defining advanced heart failure: a systematic review of criteria used in clinical trials. J Card Fail. 2016;22:569-77.
534. Nohria A, Tsang SW, Fang JC, et al. Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1797-804.
535. Chakko S, Woska D, Martinez H, et al. Clinical, radiographic, and hemodynamic correlations in chronic congestive heart failure: conflicting results may lead to inappropriate care. Am J Med. 1991;90:353-9.
536. Hummel YM, Liu LCY, Lam CS, et al. Echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular and pulmonary pressures in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a study utilizing simultaneous echocardiography and invasive measurements. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:1651-60.
537. Quinones MA, Greenberg BH, Kopelen HA, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of clinical outcome in patients with left ventricular dysfunction enrolled in the SOLVD registry and trials: significance of left ventricular hypertrophy. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1237-44.
538. Wong M, Staszewsky L, Latini R, et al. Severity of left ventricular remodeling defines outcomes and response to therapy in heart failure: Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) echocardiographic data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1892-7.
539. Rossi A, Cicoira M, Bonapace S, et al. Left atrial volume provides independent and incremental information compared with exercise tolerance parameters in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Heart. 2007;93:1420-5.
540. Paraskevaidis IA, Ikonomidis I, Simitsis P, et al. Multidimensional contractile reserve predicts adverse outcome in patients with severe systolic heart failure: a 4-year follow-up study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:846-61.
541. Lichtenstein D, Lascols N, Meziere G, Gepner A. Ultrasound diagnosis of alveolar consolidation in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:276-81.
542. Platz E, Lewis EF, Uno H, et al. Detection and prognostic value of pulmonary congestion by lung ultrasound in ambulatory heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1244-51.
543. Wang NC, Maggioni AP, Konstam MA, et al. Clinical implications of QRS duration in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. JAMA. 2008;299:2656-66.
544. Hawkins NM, Wang D, McMurray JJ, et al. Prevalence and prognostic implications of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in heart failure: evidence from the CHARM programme. Heart. 2007;93:59-64.
545. Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, et al. Recommendations on pre-hospital and early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the HFA of the ESC, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:544-58.
546. Smith GL, Lichtman JH, Bracken MB, et al. Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1987-96.
547. Horwich TB, Patel J, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Cardiac troponin I is associated with impaired hemodynamics, progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and increased mortality rates in advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2003;108:833-8.
548. Perna ER, Macin SM, Canella JP, et al. Ongoing myocardial injury in stable severe heart failure: value of cardiac troponin T monitoring for high-risk patient identification. Circulation. 2004;110:2376-82.
549. Fonarow GC, Peacock WF, Horwich TB, et al. Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin levels to predict in-hospital mortality from ADHERE. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:231-7.
550. Peacock WFI, De Marco T, Fonarow GC, et al. Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2117-26.
551. Fonarow GC, Peacock WF, Phillips CO, et al. Admission B-type natriuretic peptide levels and in-hospital mortality in acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1943-50.
552. Pascual-Figal DA, Manzano-Fernandez S, Boronat M, et al. Soluble ST2, high-sensitivity troponin T- and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: complementary role for risk stratification in acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:718-25.
553. Januzzi JL Jr, Chen-Tournoux AA, Moe G. Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing for the diagnosis or exclusion of heart failure in patients with acute symptoms. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:29-38.
554. Santaguida PL, Don-Wauchope AC, Ali U, et al. Incremental value of natriuretic peptide measurement in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF): a systematic review. Heart Fail Rev. 2014;19:507-19.
555. van Kimmenade RR, Pinto YM, Bayes-Genis A, et al. Usefulness of intermediate aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations for diagnosis and prognosis of acute heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:386-90.
556. Bettencourt P, Azevedo A, Pimenta J, et al. N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts outcome after hospital discharge in heart failure patients. Circulation. 2004;110:2168-74.
557. Logeart D, Thabut G, Jourdain P, et al. Predischarge B-type natriuretic peptide assay for identifying patients at high risk of re-admission after decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:635-41.
558. Maisel A, Hollander JE, Guss D, et al. Primary results of the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT). A multicenter study of B-type natriuretic peptide levels, emergency department decision making, and outcomes in patients presenting with shortness of breath. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1328-33.
559. Stienen S, Salah K, Eurlings LW, et al. Challenging the two concepts in determining the appropriate pre-discharge N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide treatment target in acute decompensated heart failure patients: absolute or relative discharge levels? Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:936-44.
560. Park M, Sangean MC, Volpe MDS, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure, and bilevel positive airway pressure by face mask in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:2407-415.
561. Park JH, Balmain S, Berry C, et al. Potentially detrimental cardiovascular effects of oxygen in patients with chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Heart. 2010;96:533-8.
562. Vital FMR, Ladeira MT, Atallah AN. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;5:CD005351.
563. Weng C-L, Zhao Y-T, Liu Q-H, et al. Meta-analysis: noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:590-600.
564. Gray AJ, Goodacre S, Newby DE, et al. A multicentre randomised controlled trial of the use of continuous positive airway pressure and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in the early treatment of patients presenting to the emergency department with severe acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: the 3CPO Trial. Health Technol Assess. 2009;13:1-106.
565. Wuerz RC, Meador SA. Effects of prehospital medications on mortality and length of stay in congestive heart failure. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:669-74.
566. Metra M, Felker GM, Zaca V, et al. Acute heart failure: multiple clinical profiles and mechanisms require tailored therapy. Int J Cardiol. 2010;144:175-9.
567. Wakai A, McCabe A, Kidney R, et al. Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD005151.
568. Mordi IR, Santema BT, Kloosterman M, et al. Prognostic significance of changes in heart rate following uptitration of beta-blockers in patients with sub-optimally treated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in sinus rhythm versus atrial fibrillation. Clin Res Cardiol. 2019;108(7):797-805. doi:10.1007/s00392-018-1409-x.
569. Simpson J, Castagno D, Doughty RN, et al. Is heart rate a risk marker in patients with chronic heart failure and concomitant atrial fibrillation? Results from the MAGGIC metaanalysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1182-91.
570. Hou ZY, Chang MS, Chen CY, et al. Acute treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter with a tailored dosing regimen of intravenous amiodarone. A randomized, digoxin-controlled study. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:521-8.
571. Delle Karth G, Geppert A, Neunteufl T, et al. Amiodarone versus diltiazem for rate control in critically ill patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1149-53.
572. Clemo H, Wood M, Gilligan D, Ellenbogen K. Intravenous amiodarone for acute heart rate control in the critically ill patient with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:594-8.
573. Prins KW, Neill JM, Tyler JO, et al. Effects of beta-blocker withdrawal in acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3:647-53.
574. Komajda M, Cowie MR, Tavazzi L, et al. Physicians' guideline adherence is associated with better prognosis in outpatients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the QUALIFY international registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:1414-23.
575. Voors AA, Ouwerkerk W, Zannad F, et al. Development and validation of multivariable models to predict mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:627-34.
576. Lund LH, Aaronson KD, Mancini DM. Predicting survival in ambulatory patients with severe heart failure on beta-blocker therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:1350-4.
577. Wachter R, Senni M, Belohlavek J, et al. Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in haemodynamically stabilised heart failure patients inhospital or early after discharge: Primary results of the randomised TRANSITION study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(8):998-1007. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1498.
578. Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ. Risk stratification for inhospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA. 2015;293:572-80.
579. Thorvaldsen T, Benson L, Stahlberg M, et al. Triage of patients with moderate to severe heart failure: who should be referred to a heart failure center? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:661-71.
580. Jonkman NH, Westland H, Groenwold RH, et al. Do Self-Management Interventions Work in Patients With Heart Failure? An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. Circulation. 2016;133:1189-98.
581. Ouwerkerk W, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. Determinants and clinical outcome of uptitration of ACE-inhibitors and beta-blockers in patients with heart failure: a prospective European study. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:1883-90.
582. Iakobishvili Z, Cohen E, Garty M, et al. Use of intravenous morphine for acute decompensated heart failure in patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. Acute Card Care. 2011;13:76-80
583. Peacock WF, Hollander JE, Diercks DB, et al. Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis. Emerg Med J. 2008;25:205-9.
584. Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators (Vasodilatation in the Management of Acute CHF). Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1531-40.
585. Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:797-805.
586. Jentzer JC, DeWald TA, Hernandez AF. Combination of loop diuretics with thiazide-type diuretics in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1527-34.
587. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:779-89.
588. Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF Jr, et al. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1541-7.
589. Packer M, Colucci W, Fisher L, et al. Effect of levosimendan on the short-term clinical course of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1:103-11.
590. O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, et al. Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J. 1999;138(1 Pt 1):78-86.
591. Silvetti S, Belletti A, Fontana A, Pollesello P. Rehospitalization after intermittent levosimendan treatment in advanced heart failure patients: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. ESC Heart Fail. 2017;4:595-604.
592. Belletti A, Castro ML, Silvetti S, et al. The effect of inotropes and vasopressors on mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:656-75.
593. Dentali F, Douketis JD, Gianni M, et al. Meta-analysis: anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:278-88.
594. Sintek MA, Gdowski M, Lindman BR, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with chronic heart failure and cardiogenic shock: clinical response and predictors of stabilization. J Card Fail. 2015;21:868-76.
595. Rogers JG, Pagani FD, Tatooles AJ, et al. Intrapericardial Left Ventricular Assist Device for Advanced Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:451-60.
596. Mehra MR, Goldstein DJ, Uriel N, et al; MOMENTUM 3 Investigators. Two-Year Outcomes with a Magnetically Levitated Cardiac Pump in Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1386-95.
597. John R, Long JW, Massey HT, et al. Outcomes of a multicenter trial of the Levitronix CentriMag ventricular assist system for short-term circulatory support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141(4):932-9.
598. Riebandt J, Haberl T, Mahr S, et al. Preoperative patient optimization using extracorporeal life support improves outcomes of INTERMACS Level I patients receiving a permanent ventricular assist device. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;46(3):486-92; discussion 492. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezu093.
599. Беленков Ю. Н., Мареев В. Ю. Принципы рационального лечения хронической сердечной недостаточности. М.: Медиа Медика. 2000. 266 с.
600. Guyatt GH, Thompson PJ, Berman LB, et al. The 6-minute walk: a new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Can Med Assoc J. 1985;132(8):919.
601. Enright PL. The six-minute walk test. Respir Care. 2003;48(8):783-5.
602. Faggiano P, D'Aloia A, Gualeni A, et al. The 6 minute walking test in chronic heart failure: indications, interpretation and limitations from a review of the literature. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6(6):687-91.
603. Zielinska D, Bellwon J, Rynkiewicz A, Elkady MA. Prognostic value of the six-minute walk test in heart failure patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a literature review. Rehabil Res Pract. 2013; Article ID 965494. doi:10.1155/2013/965494.
604. Ingle L, Cleland JG, Clark AL. The long-term prognostic significance of 6-minute walk test distance in patients with chronic heart failure. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:505969.
605. Ingle L, Cleland JG, Clark AL. The relation between repeated 6-minute walk test performance and outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;57(4):244-53.
606. Pollentier B, Irons SL, Benedetto CM, et al. Examination of the six minute walk test to determine functional capacity in people with chronic heart failure: a systematic review. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2010;21(1):13-21.
607. Palau P, Dommguez E, Nunez E, et al. Six-minute walk test in moderate to severe heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: useful for functional capacity assessment? Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:800-2.
608. Forman DE, Fleg JL, Kitzman DW, et al. 6-min walk test provides prognostic utility comparable to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in ambulatory outpatients with systolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(25):2653-61.
609. Kaminsky LA, Tuttle MS. Functional assessment of heart failure patients. Heart Fail Clin. 2015;11(1):29-36.