Статья
Клинические и патофизиологические аспекты влияния антикоагулянтов на костную ткань
Старший возраст ассоциирован с развитием изменений метаболизма костной ткани, снижением ее минеральной плотности и объема, развитием остеопороза. Высокая распространенность фибрилляции предсердий и остеопороза в старших возрастных группах обуславливает их частое сочетание у этой категории пациентов. Известно, что некоторые заболевания и/или лекарственные средства, используемые для их лечения, усугубляя естественное нарушение костного метаболизма, способствуют прогрессированию остеопороза и его осложнений, что может оказать негативное влияние на прогноз и качество жизни пациента. Антикоагулянты, широко используемые в терапии тромбоэмболических осложнений и в профилактике инсульта, способны оказывать неблагоприятное действие на костный метаболизм. Целью настоящего обзора явилось обобщение и систематизация имеющихся данных литературы, касающихся особенностей влияния различных антикоагулянтов на костную ткань. Анализируется влияние нефракционированного гепарина (НФГ), низкомолекулярных гепаринов (НМГ), антагонистов витамина К (АВК), прямых пероральных антикоагулянтов (ПОАК) на костный метаболизм, минеральную плотность костной ткани (МПК) и ос-теопоретические переломы. Приведены данные статей и обзоров, опубликованных до февраля 2020 г. включительно, аккумулированных в англоязычной базе данных медицинских и биологических публикаций «PubMed». Данные литературы подтверждают негативное влияние НФГ на костную ткань, с нарушением костного метаболизма, снижением МПК и развитием переломов. НМГ по сравнению с НФГ представляются более безопасными, а АВК, оказывая значительное влияние на костный метаболизм, способствуют снижению МПК, преимущественно у лиц, находящихся на длительной (более 1 года) терапии. ПОАК, оказывая наиболее мягкое влияние на костный метаболизм, ассоциированы с меньшим (в сравнении с другими антикоагулянтами) риском снижения МПК и развития переломов, и признаны наиболее безопасными в отношении костной ткани.
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