РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ВЕДЕНИЮ БОЛЬНЫХ СТАБИЛЬНОЙ СТЕНОКАРДИЕЙ

K. Fox; M. A. Garcia; D. Ardissimo; P. Buszman; P. G. Camici; F. Crea; C. Daly; G. d. Backer; P. Hjenmdahl; J. Lopez-Sendon; J. Marco; J. Morais; J. Pepper; U. Sechtem; M. Simoons; K. Thygesen

Статья

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ВЕДЕНИЮ БОЛЬНЫХ СТАБИЛЬНОЙ СТЕНОКАРДИЕЙ

K. Fox, M. A. Garcia, D. Ardissimo, P. Buszman, P. G. Camici, F. Crea, C. Daly, G. d. Backer, P. Hjenmdahl, J. Lopez-Sendon, J. Marco, J. Morais, J. Pepper, U. Sechtem, M. Simoons, K. Thygesen

2007

https://doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2007-3-1-69-100

Оригинальный текст был подготовлен Рабочей группой Европейского общества кардиологов по ведению больных стабильной стенокардией и его сокращенный вариант был опубликован в European Heart Journal 2006;27:1341-1381.Адаптированный перевод с английского языка и тиражирование произведены с согласия Европейского общества кардиологов.Окончание (начало в РФК 2006; 4: 71-93)

Fox K., Garcia M. A., Ardissimo D., Buszman P., Camici P. G., Crea F., Daly C., Backer G. d., Hjenmdahl P., Lopez-Sendon J., Marco J., Morais J., Pepper J., Sechtem U., Simoons M., Thygesen K. РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ВЕДЕНИЮ БОЛЬНЫХ СТАБИЛЬНОЙ СТЕНОКАРДИЕЙ. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2007;3(1):69-100. https://doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2007-3-1-69-100

Цитирование

Список литературы

1. Recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology. Management of stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 1997; 18:394-413.

2. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, Brotons C, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, Ebrahim S, Faergeman O, Graham I, Mancia G, Cats VM, Orth-Gomer K, Perk J, Pyorala K, Rodicio JL, Sans S, Sansoy V, Sechtem U, Silber S, Thomsen T, Wood D. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: third joint task force of European and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of eight societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2003;10:S1- S10.

3. Kannel WB, Feinleib M. Natural history of angina pectoris in the Framingham study. Prognosis and survival. Am J Cardiol 1972;29: 154- 163.

4. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Levy D. Prognosis after the onset of coronary heart disease. An investigation of differences in outcome between the sexes according to initial coronary disease presentation. Circulation 1993;88:2548-2555.

5. Juul-Moller S, Edvardsson N, Jahnmatz B, Rosen A, Sorensen S, Omblus R. Double-blind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris. The Swedish Angina Pectoris Aspirin Trial (SAPAT) Group. Lancet 1992;340: 1421-1425.

6. Dargie HJ, Ford I, Fox KM. Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial (TIBET). Effects of ischaemia and treatment with atenolol, nifedipine SR and their combination on outcome in patients with chronic stable angina. The TIBET Study Group. Eur Heart J 1996;17:104-112.

7. Rehnqvist N, Hjemdahl P, Billing E, Bjorkander I, Eriksson SV, Forslund L, Held C, Nasman P, Wallen NH. Effects of metoprolol vs. verapamil in patients with stable angina pectoris. The Angina Prognosis Study in Stockholm (APSIS). Eur Heart J 1996;17:76-81.

8. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Cangiano JL, Garcia-Barreto D, Keltai M, Erdine S, Bristol HA, Kolb HR, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, Parmley WW. A calcium antagonist vs. a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-2816.

9. Henderson RA, Pocock SJ, Clayton TC, Knight R, Fox KA, Julian DG, Chamberlain DA. 7 year outcome in the RITA-2 trial: coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1161-1170.

10. Brunelli C, Cristofani R, LТAbbate A. Long-term survival in medically treated patients with ischaemic heart disease and prognostic importance of clinical and electrocardiographic data (the Italian CNR Mul�ticentre Prospective Study OD1). Eur Heart J 1989;10:292-303.

11. Diamond AG. A clinically relevant classification of chest discomfort. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;1:574-575.

12. Campeau L. Letter: grading of angina pectoris. Circulation 1976; 54:522-523.

13. Hlatky MA, Boineau RE, Higginbotham MB, Lee KL, Mark DB, Califf RM, Cobb FR, Pryor DB. A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index). Am J Cardiol 1989;64:651-654.

14. Spertus JA, Winder JA, Dewhurst TA, Deyo RA, Prodzinski J, McDonell M, Fihn SD. Development and evaluation of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire: a new functional status measure for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:333-341.

15. Spertus JA, Jones P, McDonell M, Fan V, Fihn SD. Health status predicts long-term outcome in outpatients with coronary disease. Circulation 2002;106:43-49.

16. Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS, Kamath TV, LТItalien GJ, Pio JR, Williams GR. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation 2004;110:1245-1250.

17. Girman CJ, Rhodes T, Mercuri M, Pyorala K, Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Beere PA, Gotto AM, Clearfield M. The metabolic syndrome and risk of major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Am J Cardiol 2004;93:136-141.

18. Horne BD, Anderson JL, John JM, Weaver A, Bair TL, Jensen KR, Ren�lund DG, Muhlestein JB. Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk? J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1638-1643.

19. Guclu F, Ozmen B, Hekimsoy Z, Kirmaz C. Effects of a statin group drug, pravastatin, on the insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2004;58:614-618.

20. Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Pyke SD, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB. Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. Lancet 1997;349:462- 466.

21. Blake GJ, Ridker PM. Inflammatory bio-markers and cardiovascular risk prediction. J Intern Med 2002;252:283-294.

22. Pearson AT. New tools for coronary risk assessment: what are their advantages and limitations? Circulation 2002;105:886-892.

23. Bogaty PBJ, Boyer L, Simard S, Joseph L, Bertrand F, Dagenais GR. Fluctuating inflammatory markers in patients with stable ischaemic heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:221-226.

24. Kragelund CGB, Kober L, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen R. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease. NEJM 2005;352:666-675.

25. Andreotti F, Becker FC. Atherothrombotic disorders: new insights from hematology. Circulation 2005;111:1855-1863.

26. Gianrossi R, Detrano R, Mulvihill D, Lehmann K, Dubach P, Colombo A, McArthur D, Froelicher V. Exercise-induced ST depression in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A meta-analysis. Circulation 1989;80:87-98.

27. Kwok Y, Kim C, Grady D, Segal M, Redberg R. Meta-analysis of exercise testing to detect coronary artery disease in women. Am J Car�diol 1999;83:660-666.

28. Gibson SR. The diagnostic and prognostic value of exercise electrocardiography in asymptomatic subjects and stable symptomatic patients. Curr Opin Cardiol 1991;6:536-546.

29. Ashley EA, Myers J, Froelicher V. Exercise testing in clinical medicine. Lancet 2000;356:1592-1597.

30. Hung J, Chaitman BR, Lam J, Lesperance J, Dupras G, Fines P, Bourassa MG. Non-invasive diagnostic test choices for the evaluation of coronary artery disease in women: a multivariate comparison of cardiac fluoroscopy, exercise electrocardiography and exercise thallium myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;4:8-16.

31. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med 1979;300:1350-1358.

32. Lauer SM. Exercise electrocardiogram testing and prognosis. Novel markers and predictive instruments. Cardiol Clin 2001;19:401-414.

33. Elamin MS, Boyle R, Kardash MM, Smith DR, Stoker JB, Whitaker W, Mary DA, Linden RJ. Accurate detection of coronary heart disease by new exercise test. Br Heart J 1982;48:311-320.

34. Yamada H, Do D, Morise A, Atwood JE, Froelicher V. Review of studies using multivariable analysis of clinical and exercise test data to predict angiographic coronary artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1997;39:457-481.

35. Borg G, Holmgren A, Lindblad I. Quantitative evaluation of chest pain. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1981;644:43-45.

36. ESC Working Group on Exercise Physiology, Physiopathology and Electrocardiography. Guidelines for cardiac exercise testing. Eur Heart J 1993;14:969-988.

37. Davidavicius G, Kowalski M, Williams RI, DТHooge J, Di Salvo G, Pierre-Justin G, Claus P, Rademakers F, Herregods MC, Fraser AG, Pierard LA, Bijnens B, Sutherland GR. Can regional strain and strain rate measurement be performed during both dobutamine and exercise echocardiography, and do regional deformation responses differ with different forms of stress testing? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:299-308.

38. Cheitlin MD, Alpert JS, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davidson TW, Davis JL, Douglas PS, Gillam LD, Lewis RP, Pearlman AS, Philbrick JT, Shah PM, Williams RG, Ritchie JL, Eagle KA, Gardner TJ, Garson A, Gibbons RJ, OТRourke RA, Ryan TJ. ACC/AHA guidelines for the clinical application of echocardiography: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:862-879.

39. Marwick HT. Current status of stress echocardiography for diagnosis and prognostic assessment of coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 1998;9:411-426.

40. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Grunwald MA, Levy D, Lytle BW, OТRourke RA, Schafer WP, Williams SV, Ritchie JL, Cheitlin MD, Eagle KA, Gardner TJ, Garson A Jr, Rus�sell RO, Ryan TJ, Smith SC Jr. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:2092- 2197.

41. Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Geleijnse ML, Boersma E, Elhendy A, Roelandt JR, Poldermans D. Noninvasive evaluation of ischaemic heart dis�ease: myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography? Eur Heart J 2003;24:789-800. 42. Korosoglou G, Labadze N, Hansen A, Selter C, Giannitsis E, Katus H, Kuecherer H. Usefulness of real-time myocardial perfusion imaging in the evaluation of patients with first time chest pain. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1225-1231.

42. Madler CF, Payne N, Wilkenshoff U, Cohen A, Derumeaux GA, Pierard LA, Engvall J, Brodin LA, Sutherland GR, Fraser AG. Non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease by quantitative stress echocardiography: optimal diagnostic models using off-line tissue Doppler in the MYDISE study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1584-1594.

43. Marwick TH, Case C, Leano R, Short L, Baglin T, Cain P, Garrahy P. Use of tissue Doppler imaging to facilitate the prediction of events in patients with abnormal left ventricular function by dobutamine echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:142-146.

44. Ritchie JL, Bateman TM, Bonow RO, Crawford MH, Gibbons RJ, Hall RJ, OТRourke RA, Parisi AF, Verani MS. Guidelines for clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging. Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Committee on Radionuclide Imaging), developed in collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:521-547.

45. Underwood SR, Anagnostopoulos C, Cerqueira M, Ell PJ, Flint EJ, Harbinson M, Kelion AD, Al-Mohammad A, Prvulovich EM, Shaw LJ, Tweddel AC. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: the evidence. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 2004;31:261-291.

46. Marwick TH, Shaw LJ, Lauer MS, Kesler K, Hachamovitch R, Heller GV, Travin MI, Borges-Neto S, Berman DS, Miller DD. The noninvasive prediction of cardiac mortality in men and women with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Economics of Noninvasive Diagnosis (END) Study Group. Am J Med 1999;106:172-178.

47. Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Redberg RF. Current evidence on diagnostic testing in women with suspected coronary artery disease: choosing the appropriate test. Cardiol Rev 2000;8:65-74.

48. Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Nierop PR, Valkema R, Geleijnse ML, Kasprzak JD, Liqui-Lung AF, Cornel JH, Roelandt JR. Dobutamine-atropine stress myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging in the diagnosis of graft stenosis after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Nucl Cardiol 1998;5:491-497.

49. Shapira I, Heller I, Kornizky Y, Topilsky M, Isakov A. The value of stress thallium-201 single photon emission CT imaging as a predictor of outcome and long-term prognosis after CABG. J Med 2001; 32:271-282.

50. Underwood SR, Bax JJ, vom Dahl J, Henein MY, Knuuti J, van Rossum AC, Schwarz ER, Vanoverschelde JL, van der Wall EE, Wijns W. Imaging techniques for the assessment of myocardial hibernation. Report of a Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004; 25:815-836.

51. Nagel EL, Bocksch HB, Klein W, Vogel C, Frantz U, Ellmer E, Dreysse A, Fleck S. Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high dose dobutamine stress MRI. Comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation 1999;99:763-770.

52. Pennell DJ, Sechtem UP, Higgins CB, Manning WJ, Pohost GM, Rademakers FE, van Rossum AC, Shaw LJ, Yucel EK. Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel re�port. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1940-1965.

53. Xu M, McHaffie DJ. Nonspecific systolic murmurs: an audit of the clinical value of echocardiography. N Z Med J 1993;106:54-56.

54. Nagueh SF, Bachinski LL, Meyer D, Hill R, Zoghbi WA, Tam JW, Quinones MA, Roberts R, Marian AJ. Tissue Doppler imaging consistently detects myocardial abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and provides a novel means for an early diagnosis before and independently of hypertrophy. Circulation 2001; 104: 128-130.

55. Mottram PM, Marwick TH. Assessment of diastolic function: what the general cardiologist needs to know. Heart 2005;91:681-695.

56. Yip G, Abraham T, Belohlavek M, Khandheria BK. Clinical applications of strain rate imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:1334- 1342.

57. Gill JB, Cairns JA, Roberts RS, Costantini L, Sealey BJ, Fallen EF, Tomlinson CW, Gent M. Prognostic importance of myocardial ischemia detected by ambulatory monitoring early after acute myocardial in�farction. N Engl J Med 1996;334:65-70.

58. Cohn PF, Fox KM, Daly C. Silent myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2003;108:1263-1277.

59. Mulcahy D, Knight C, Patel D, Curzen N, Cunningham D, Wright C, Clarke D, Purcell H, Sutton G, Fox K. Detection of ambulatory ischaemia is not of practical clinical value in the routine management of patients with stable angina. A long-term follow-up study. Eur Heart J 1995;16:317-324.

60. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:827-832.

61. OТRourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, Greenland P, Grundy SM, Hachamovitch R, Pohost GM, Shaw LJ, Weintraub WS, Winters WL Jr. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Ex�pert Consensus Document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:326-340.

62. Daly C, Saravanan P, Fox K. Is calcium the clue? Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 1562-1565.

63. de Feyter PJ, Nieman K. Noninvasive multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography: an emerging clinical modality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1238-1240.

64. Hoffmann MH, Shi H, Schmitz BL, Schmid FT, Lieberknecht M, Schulze R, Ludwig B, Kroschel U, Jahnke N, Haerer W, Brambs HJ, Aschoff AJ. Noninvasive coronary angiography with multislice com�puted tomography. JAMA 2005;293:2471-2478.

65. Raff GL, Gallagher MJ, OТNeill WW, Goldstein JA. Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography using 64-slice spiral com�puted tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:552-557.

66. Leschka S, Alkadhi H, Plass A, Desbiolles L, Grunenfelder J, Marincek B, Wildermuth S. Accuracy of MSCT coronary angiography with 64- slice technology: first experience. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1482-1487.

67. Spaulding CM, Joly LM, Rosenberg A, Monchi M, Weber SN, Dhainaut JF, Carli P. Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of outof-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1629-1633.

68. Borger van der Burg AE, Bax JJ, Boersma E, Bootsma M, van Erven L, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ. Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting on outcome after nonfatal cardiac arrest outside the hospital. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 785-789.

69. Noto TJ Jr, Johnson LW, Krone R, Weaver WF, Clark DA, Kramer JR Jr, Vetrovec GW. Cardiac catheterization 1990: a report of the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCA&I). Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1991;24:75-83.

70. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, Brotons C, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, Ebrahim S, Faergeman O, Graham I, Mancia G, Manger Cats V, Orth-Gomer K, Perk J, Pyorala K, Rodicio JL, Sans S, Sansoy V, Sechtem U, Silber S, Thomsen T, Wood D. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1601- 1610.

71. Califf RM, Armstrong PW, Carver JR, DТAgostino RB, Strauss WE. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 5. Stratification of patients into high, medium and low risk subgroups for purposes of risk factor management. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1007-1019.

72. Hense WH. Risk factor scoring for coronary heart disease. BMJ 2003;327:1238-1239.

73. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, Geller NL, Gersh BJ, Hsia J, Pfeffer MA, Rice MM, Rosenberg YD, Rouleau JL. Angiotensincon�verting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2058-2068.

74. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000;355:253-259.

75. The IONA Study Group. Effect of nicorandil on coronary events in patients with stable angina: the Impact Of Nicorandil in Angina (IONA) randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1269-1275.

76. Weiner DA, Ryan TJ, McCabe CH, Chaitman BR, Sheffield LT, Ferguson JC, Fisher LD, Tristani F. Prognostic importance of a clinical pro�file and exercise test in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;3:772-779.

77. Harris PJ, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Behar VS, Rosati RA. Survival in medically treated coronary artery disease. Circulation 1979; 60:1259-1269.

78. Hammermeister KE, DeRouen TA, Dodge HT. Variables predictive of survival in patients with coronary disease. Selection by univariate and multivariate analyses from the clinical, electrocardiographic, exercise, arteriographic, and quantitative angiographic evaluations. Circulation 1979;59:421-430.

79. Califf RM, Mark DB, Harrell FE Jr, Hlatky MA, Lee KL, Rosati RA, Pryor DB. Importance of clinical measures of ischemia in the prognosis of patients with documented coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:20-26.

80. Hultgren HN, Peduzzi P. Relation of severity of symptoms to prognosis in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1984;54:988-993.

81. Pryor DB, Shaw L, McCants CB, Lee KL, Mark DB, Harrell FE Jr, Muhlbaier LH, Califf RM. Value of the history and physical in identi�fying patients at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Ann In�tern Med 1993; 118:81-90.

82. Morris CK, Ueshima K, Kawaguchi T, Hideg A, Froelicher VF. The prognostic value of exercise capacity: a review of the literature. Am Heart J 1991;122:1423-1431.

83. Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr, Hlatky MA, Lee KL, Bengtson JR, McCants CB, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1991;325:849-853.

84. Dagenais GR, Rouleau JR, Christen A, Fabia J. Survival of patients with a strongly positive exercise electrocardiogram. Circulation 1982; 65:452-456.

85. McNeer JF, Margolis JR, Lee KL, Kisslo JA, Peter RH, Kong Y, Behar VS, Wallace AG, McCants CB, Rosati RA. The role of the exercise test in the evaluation of patients for ischaemic heart disease. Circulation 1978;57:64-70.

86. Morrow K, Morris CK, Froelicher VF, Hideg A, Hunter D, Johnson E, Kawaguchi T, Lehmann K, Ribisl PM, Thomas R et al. Prediction of cardiovascular death in men undergoing noninvasive evaluation for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:689-695.

87. Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:793-800.

88. Prakash M, Myers J, Froelicher VF, Marcus R, Do D, Kalisetti D, At�wood JE. Clinical and exercise test predictors of all-cause mortality: results from .6000 consecutive referred male patients. Chest 2001; 120: 1003-1013.

89. Marwick TH, Mehta R, Arheart K, Lauer MS. Use of exercise echocardiography for prognostic evaluation of patients with known or sus�pected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:83-90.

90. Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Rambaldi R, Salustri A, Reijs AE, Roelandt JR, Fioretti PM. Cardiac imaging for risk stratification with dobutamine-atropine stress testing in patients with chest pain. Echocardiography, perfusion scintigraphy, or both? Circu�lation 1997;96:137-147.

91. Olmos LI, Dakik H, Gordon R, Dunn JK, Verani MS, Quinones MA, Zoghbi WA. Long-term prognostic value of exercise echocardiography compared with exercise 201Tl, ECG, and clinical variables in patients evaluated for coronary artery disease. Circulation 1998; 98: 2679-2686.

92. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Shaw LJ, Kiat H, Cohen I, Cabico JA, Friedman J, Diamond GA. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;97:535-543.

93. Brown AK. Prognostic value of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging. A diagnostic tool comes of age. Circulation 1991;83: 363- 381.

94. Mock MB, Ringqvist I, Fisher LD, Davis KB, Chaitman BR, Kouchoukos NT, Kaiser GC, Alderman E, Ryan TJ, Russell RO Jr, Mullin S, Fray D, Killip T III. Survival of medically treated patients in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) registry. Circulation 1982; 66:562- 568.

95. Emond M, Mock MB, Davis KB, Fisher LD, Holmes DR Jr, Chaitman BR, Kaiser GC, Alderman E, Killip T III. Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry. Circulation 1994;90:2645-2657.

96. McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A, Ford I, Tunstall-Pedoe H, McMurray JJ, Dargie HJ. Symptomatic and asymptomatic leftventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet 1997; 350:829-833.

97. Raymond I, Pedersen F, Steensgaard-Hansen F, Green A, Busch-Sorensen M, Tuxen C, Appel J, Jacobsen J, Atar D, Hildebrandt P. Prevalence of impaired left ventricular systolic function and heart fail�ure in a middle aged and elderly urban population segment of Copenhagen. Heart 2003;89:1422-1429.

98. Mosterd A, Hoes AW, de Bruyne MC, Deckers JW, Linker DT, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population: the Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 1999;20:447-455.

99. Daly C, Norrie J, Murdoch DL, Ford I, Dargie HJ, Fox K. The value of routine non-invasive tests to predict clinical outcome in stable angina. Eur Heart J 2003;24:532-540.

100. Cuspidi C, Ambrosioni E, Mancia G, Pessina AC, Trimarco B, Zanchetti A. Role of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in stratifying risk in patients with essential hypertension: the Assessment of Prognostic Risk Observational Survey. J Hypertens 2002;20:1307-1314.

101. The European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines on the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21:1011-1053.

102. European Coronary Surgery Study Group. Long-term results of prospective randomised study of coronary artery bypass surgery in stable angina pectoris. Lancet 1982;2:1173-1180.

103. Mark DB, Nelson CL, Califf RM, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Jones RH, Fortin DF, Stack RS, Glower DD, Smith LR et al. Continuing evolution of therapy for coronary artery disease. Initial results from the era of coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1994;89:2015-2025.

104. Kennedy JW, Killip T, Fisher LD, Alderman EL, Gillespie MJ, Mock MB. The clinical spectrum of coronary artery disease and its surgical and medical management, 1974-1979. The Coronary Artery Surgery study. Circulation 1982;66:III16-III23.

105. Kemp HG Jr. Left ventricular function in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms. Am J Cardiol 1973; 32: 375-376.

106. Cosin-Sales JC, Pizzi S, Brown JC, Kaski. C-reactive protein, clinical presentation, and ischaemic activity in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1468- 1474.

107. Cannon RO III, Epstein SE. СMicrovascular anginaТ as a cause of chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:1338-1343.

108. Luscher FT. The endothelium and cardiovascular disease-a complex relation. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1081-1083.

109. Oki T, Tabata T, Yamada H, Wakatsuki T, Mishiro Y, Abe M, Onose Y, Iuchi A, Ito S. Left ventricular diastolic properties of hypertensive patients measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998;11:1106-1112.

110. Diamond JA, Phillips RA. Hypertensive heart disease. Hypertens Res 2005;28:191-202.

111. Schafer S, Kelm M, Mingers S, Strauer BE. Left ventricular remodeling impairs coronary flow reserve in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2002;20:1431-1437.

112. Preik M, Kelm M, Strauer BE. Management of the hypertensive patient with coronary insufficiency but without atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Cardiol 2003;18:255-259.

113. Kaski JC, Rosano GM, Collins P, Nihoyannopoulos P, Maseri A, Poole-Wilson PA. Cardiac syndrome X: clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:807-814.

114. Atienza F, Velasco JA, Brown S, Ridocci F, Kaski JC. Assessment of quality of life in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriogram (syndrome X) using a specific questionnaire. Clin Cardiol 1999; 22:283-290.

115. Bugiardini R, Bairey Merz CN. Angina with СnormalТ coronary arteries: a changing philosophy. JAMA 2005;293:477-484.

116. Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Buchthal SD, Bairey Merz CN, Kim HW, Scott KN, Doyle M, Olson MB, Pepine CJ, den Hollander J, Sharaf B, Rogers WJ, Mankad S, Forder JR, Kelsey SF, Pohost GM. Prognosis in women with myocardial ischemia in the absence of obstructive coronary disease: results from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored WomenТs Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Circulation 2004; 109: 2993-2999.

117. Bugiardini R, Manfrini O, Pizzi C, Fontana F, Morgagni G. Endothelial function predicts future development of coronary artery disease: a study of women with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Circulation 2004;109:2518-2523.

118. Prinzmetal M, Kennamer R, Merliss R, Wada T, Bor N. Angina pectoris. I. A variant form of angina pectoris: preliminary report. Am J Med 1959;27:375-388.

119. MacAlpin NR. Cardiac arrest and sudden unexpected death in variant angina: complications of coronary spasm that can occur in the absence of severe organic coronary stenosis. Am Heart J 1993;125:1011-1017.

120. Bory M, Pierron F, Panagides D, Bonnet JL, Yvorra S, Desfossez L. Coronary artery spasm in patients with normal or near normal coronary arteries. Long-term follow-up of 277 patients. Eur Heart J 1996; 17:1015-1021.

121. Yamagishi M, Ito K, Tsutsui H, Miyazaki S, Goto Y, Nagaya N, Sumiyoshi T, Fukami K, Haze K, Kitakaze M, Nonogi H, Tomoike H. Lesion severity and hypercholesterolemia determine long-term prognosis of vasospastic angina treated with calcium channel antagonists. Circ J 2003; 67:1029-1035.

122. Matsubara T, Tamura Y, Yamazoe M, Hori T, Konno T, Ida T, Higuchi K, Takemoto M, Imai S, Aizawa Y. Correlation between arteriographic and electrocardiographic features during spasm in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Coronary Artery Dis 1997; 8: 525-535.

123. Koh KK, Moon TH, Song JH, Park GS, Lee KH, Cho SK, Kim SS. Comparison of clinical and laboratory findings between patients with diffuse threevessel coronary artery spasm and other types of coronary artery spasm. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1996;37:132-139.

124. Sueda S, Kohno H, Fukuda H, Inoue K, Suzuki J, Watanabe K, Ochi T, Uraoka T. Clinical and angiographical characteristics of acetylcholine-induced spasm: relationship to dose of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. Coronary Artery Dis 2002;13:231-236.

125. Onaka H, Hirota Y, Shimada S, Kita Y, Sakai Y, Kawakami Y, Suzuki S, Kawamura K. Clinical observation of spontaneous anginal attacks and multivessel spasm in variant angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries: evaluation by 24 h 12-lead electrocardiography with computer analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:38-44.

126. Sueda S, Saeki H, Otani T, Ochi N, Kukita H, Kawada H, Matsuda S, Uraoka T. Investigation of the most effective provocation test for patients with coronary spastic angina: usefulness of accelerated exercise following hyperventilation. Jpn Circ J 1999;63:85-90.

127. Yasue H, Horio Y, Nakamura N, Fujii H, Imoto N, Sonoda R, Kugiyama K, Obata K, Morikami Y, Kimura T. Induction of coronary artery spasm by acetylcholine in patients with variant angina: possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm. Circulation 1986;74:955-963.

128. Sueda S, Kohno H, Fukuda H, Watanabe K, Ochi N, Kawada H, Uraoka T. Limitations of medical therapy in patients with pure coronary spastic angina. Chest 2003;123:380-386.

129. Sueda S, Kohno H, Fukuda H, Ochi N, Kawada H, Hayashi Y, Uraoka T. Frequency of provoked coronary spasms in patients undergoing coronary arteriography using a spasm provocation test via intracoronary administration of ergonovine. Angiology 2004;55:403- 411.

130. Smith GD, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG, Rose G. Plasma cholesterol concentration and mortality. The Whitehall Study. JAMA 1992;267:70-76.

131. Doll R, Peto R, Hall E, Wheatley K, Gray R. Alcohol and coronary heart disease reduction among British doctors: confounding or causality? Eur Heart J 1997;18:23-25.

132. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell ТInfarto miocardico. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSIPrevenzione trial. Lancet 1999;354:447-455.

133. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:e20-e30.

134. He K, Song Y, Daviglus ML, Liu K, Van Horn L, Dyer AR, Greenland P. Accumulated evidence on fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Circulation 2004;109: 2705-2711.

135. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diab Care 2003;26(Suppl. 1):s33- s50.

136. Inzucchi SE, Amatruda JM. Lipid management in patients with diabetes: translating guidelines into action. Diab Care 2003; 26: 1309-1311.

137. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003;348:383-393.

138. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM, Tan MH, Lefebvre PJ, Murray GD, Standl E, Wilcox RG, Wilhelmsen L, Betteridge J, Birkeland K, Golay A, Heine RJ, Koranyi L, Laakso M, Mokan M, Norkus A, Pirags V, Podar T, Scheen A, Scherbaum W, Schernthaner G, Schmitz O, Skrha J, Smith U, Taton J. Secondary prevention of macrovascu�lar events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1279-1289.

139. Fox KM, Thadani U, Ma PT, Nash SD, Keating Z, Czorniak MA, Gillies H, Keltai M. Sildenafil citrate does not reduce exercise tolerance in men with erectile dysfunction and chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J 2003;24:2206-2212.

140. Patrono C, Coller B, FitzGerald GA, Hirsh J, Roth G. Platelet-active drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Throm�bolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126(Suppl. 3):234S-264S.

141. Antithrombotic TrialistsТ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324: 71-86.

142. Sudlow C, Baigent C. The adverse effects of different doses of aspirin: a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies (Abstract). Stroke 2000;31:2869.

143. Antiplatelet TrialistsТ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy-I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1994;308:81-106.

144. Fitzgerald AG. Coxibs and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1709-1711. 146. Bresalier RS, Sandler RS, Quan H, Bolognese JA, Oxenius B, Horgan K, Lines C, Riddell R, Morton D, Lanas A, Konstam MA, Baron JA. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1092-1102.

145. Juni P, Nartey L, Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Dieppe PA, Egger M. Risk of cardiovascular events and rofecoxib: cumulative meta-analysis. Lancet 2004;364:2021-2029.

146. Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Herrington D, Greenland P, Roberts H, Taubert KA. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2005; 111:1713-1716.

147. Cronberg S, Wallmark E, Soderberg I. Effect on platelet aggregation of oral administration of 10 non-steroidal analgesics to hu�mans. Scand J Haematol 1984;33:155-159.

148. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopi�dogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CA�PRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329-1339.

149. Chan KF. Helicobacter pylori and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001;30:937-952.

150. Chan FK, Ching JY, Hung LC, Wong VW, Leung VK, Kung NN, Hui AJ, Wu JC, Leung WK, Lee VW, Lee KK, Lee YT, Lau JY, To KF, Chan HL, Chung SC, Sung JJ. Clopidogrel vs. aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N Engl J Med 2005;352:238-244.

151. McKee SA, Sane DC, Deliargyris EN. Aspirin resistance in cardiovascular disease: a review of prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Thromb Haemost 2002;88:711-715.

152. Patrono C. Aspirin resistance: definition, mechanisms and clinical readouts. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1:1710-1713.

153. Wiviott SD, Antman EM. Clopidogrel resistance: a new chapter in a fast-moving story. Circulation 2004;109:3064-3067.

154. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Stone NJ. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 720-732.

155. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart dis�ease. Lancet 1994;344:1383-1389.

156. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Shepherd J, Braunwald E, Cobbe S, Hawkins CM, Keech A, Packard C, Simes J, Byington R, Furberg CD. Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation 2000; 102:1893-1900.

157. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349- 1357.

158. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema JW, Kamper AM, Macfarlane PW, Meinders AE, Norrie J, Packard CJ, Perry IJ, Stott DJ, Sweeney BJ, Twomey C, Westendorp RG. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:1623-1630.

159. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.

160. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-2016.

161. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI, Charlton-Menys V, Fuller JH. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685-696.

162. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, OТBrien E, Ostergren J. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:1149-1158.

163. Pasceri V, Patti G, Nusca A, Pristipino C, Richichi G, Di Sciascio G. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDA (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) study. Circulation 2004;110:674-678.

164. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-1278.

165. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, Gotto AM, Greten H, Kastelein JJ, Shepherd J, Wenger NK. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-1435.

166. Wierzbicki SA. Ezetimibe: a new addition to lipid-lowering therapy. Int J Clin Pract 2003;57:653-655.

167. Brousseau ME, Schaefer E, Wolfe ML, Blodon LT, Digenio AG, Clark RW, Manuscu JP, Rader DJ. Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on HDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1491- 1494.

168. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-153.

169. Fox MK. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003;362:782-788.

170. Faggiotto A, Paoletti R. State-of-the-Art lecture. Statins and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system: vascular protection beyond their primary mode of action. Hypertension 1999;34:987-996.

171. Lonn EM, Yusuf S, Jha P, Montague TJ, Teo KK, Benedict CR, Pitt B. Emerging role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in car�diac and vascular protection. Circulation 1994;90:2056-2069.

172. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280:605-613.

173. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, Blumenthal R, Davidson M, Hlatky M, Hsia J, Hulley S, Herd A, Khan S, Newby LK, Waters D, Vittinghoff E, Wenger N. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:49-57.

174. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the womenТs health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288:321-333.

175. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, Rossouw JE, Assaf AR, Lasser NL, Trevisan M, Black HR, Heckbert SR, Detrano R, Strickland OL, Wong ND, Crouse JR, Stein E, Cushman M. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349:523- 534.

176. Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Chandra-Strobos N, Fabunmi RP, Grady D, Haan CK, Hayes SN, Judelson DR, Keenan NL, McBride P, Oparil S, Ouyang P, Oz MC, Mendelsohn ME, Paster�nak RC, Pinn VW, Robertson RM, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Sila CA, Smith SC Jr, Sopko G, Taylor AL, Walsh BW, Wenger NK, Williams CL. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease preven�tion in women. Circulation 2004;109:672-693.

177. Hersh AL, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS. National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to re�cent evidence. JAMA 2004;291:47-53.

178. Yusuf S, Wittes J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease. I. Treatments following myocardial in�farction. JAMA 1988;260:2088-2093.

179. Freemantle N, Urdahl H, Eastaugh J, Hobbs FD. What is the place of beta-blockade in patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction with preserved left ventricular function? Evidence and (mis)interpretation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002;44:243-250.

180. Pepine CJ, Cohn PF, Deedwania PC, Gibson RS, Handberg E, Hill JA, Miller E, Marks RG, Thadani U. Effects of treatment on outcome in mildly symptomatic patients with ischemia during daily life. The Atenolol Silent Ischemia Study (ASIST). Circulation 1994;90:762- 768.

181. Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1999;353:2001-2007.

182. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomized trial. Lancet 1999;353:9-13.

183. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NH. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1349-1355.

184. The Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II-DAVIT II Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:779-785.

185. The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1988;319:385-392.

186. Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Nifedipine. Dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1995;92:1326-1331.

187. Stason WB, Schmid CH, Niedzwiecki D, Whiting GW, Caubet JF, Cory D, Luo D, Ross SD, Chalmers TC. Safety of nifedipine in angina pectoris: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 1999;33:24-31.

188. Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, van Dalen FJ, Wagener G, Danchin N, Just H, Fox KA, Pocock SJ, Clayton TC, Motro M, Parker JD, Bourassa MG, Dart AM, Hildebrandt P, Hjalmarson A, Kragten JA, Molhoek GP, Otterstad JE, Seabra-Gomes R, Soler-Soler J, Weber S. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardio�vascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:849-857.

189. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D, Berman L, Shi H, Buebendorf E, Topol EJ. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:2217-2225.

190. Kerins DM. Drugs used for the treatment of myocardial ischaemia. In: Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeu�tics. 10th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2001.

191. Savonitto S, Ardissino D. Selection of drug therapy in stable angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1998;12:197-210.

192. Thadani U. Treatment of stable angina. Curr Opin Cardiol 1999; 14: 349-358.

193. Ko DT, Hebert PR, Coffey CS, Sedrakyan A, Curtis JP, Krumholz HM. Beta-blocker therapy and symptoms of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. JAMA 2002;288:351-357.

194. Hjemdahl P, Wiklund IK. Quality of life on antihypertensive drug therapy: scientific end-point or marketing exercise? J Hypertens 1992;10:1437-1446.

195. Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Prineas RJ, Stamler J, Grandits GA, Elmer PJ, Cutler JA, Flack JM, Schoenberger JA, McDonald R et al. Treatment of mild hypertension study: Final results: Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. JAMA 1993;270:713-724.

196. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, Ferguson TB Jr, Fihn SD, Fraker TD Jr, Gardin JM, OТRourke RA, Pasternak RC, Williams SV. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:159-168.

197. Hjemdahl P, Wallen NH. Calcium antagonist treatment, sympathetic activity and platelet function. Eur Heart J 1997;18(Suppl. A):A36- A50.

198. Karlson BW, Emanuelsson H, Herlitz J, Nilsson JE, Olsson G. Evalu�ation of the antianginal effect of nifedipine: influence of formulation dependent pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40:501-506.

199. Waters D. Proischemic complications of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. Circulation 1991;84:2598-2600.

200. Deanfield JE, Detry JM, Lichtlen PR, Magnani B, Sellier P, Thaulow E. Amlodipine reduces transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: double-blind Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1460- 1467.

201. Packer M, OТConnor CM, GhaliJK, Pressler ML, Carson PE, Belkin RN, Miller AB, Neuberg GW, Frid D, Wertheimer JH, Cropp AB, DeMets DL. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1107-1114.

202. Ardissino D, Savonitto S, Egstrup K, Rasmussen K, Bae EA, Omland T, Schjelderup-Mathiesen PM, Marraccini P, Merlini PA, Wahlqvist I et al. Selection of medical treatment in stable angina pectoris: re�sults of the International Multicenter Angina Exercise (IMAGE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1516-1521.

203. Forslund L, Hjemdahl P, Held C, Bjorkander I, Eriksson SV, Brodin U, Rehnqvist N. Prognostic implications of results from exercise testing in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris treated with meto�prolol or verapamil. A report from the Angina Prognosis Study In Stockholm (APSIS). Eur Heart J 2000;21:901-910.

204. Arnim Tv. Medical treatment to reduce total ischaemic burden: total ischaemic burden bisoprolol study (TIBBS), a multicenter trial comparing bisoprolol and nifedipine. The TIBBS Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:231-238.

205. Fox KM, Mulcahy D, Findlay I, Ford I, Dargie HJ. The Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial (TIBET). Effects of atenolol, nifedipine SR and their combination on the exercise test and the total ischaemic burden in 608 patients with stable angina. The TIBET Study Group. Eur Heart J 1996;17:96-103.

206. Heidenreich PA, McDonald KM, Hastie T, Fadel B, Hagan V, Lee BK, Hlatky MA. Meta-analysis of trials comparing beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and nitrates for stable angina. JAMA 1999; 281: 1927-1936.

207. Markham A, Plosker GL, Goa KL. Nicorandil. An updated review of its use in ischaemic heart disease with emphasis on its cardioprotective effects. Drugs 2000;60:955-974.

208. Nicorandil for angina-an update. Drug Ther Bull 2003;41:86-88.

209. Borer JS, Fox K, Jaillon P, Lerebours G. Antianginal and antiischemic effects of ivabradine, an I(f) inhibitor, in stable angina: a random�ized, double-blind, multicentered, placebo-controlled trial. Circu�lation 2003;107:817-823.

210. Tardif JC, Ford I, Tendera M, Bourassa MG, Fox K. Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective If inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J 2005;26:2529-2536.

211. Marzilli M, Klein WW. Efficacy and tolerability of trimetazidine in stable angina: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. Coronary Artery Dis 2003;14:171-179.

212. Chazov EI, Lepakchin VK, Zharova EA, Fitilev SB, Levin AM, Rumiantzeva EG, Fitileva TB. Trimetazidine in Angina Combination Therapy-the TACT study: trimetazidine versus conventional treat�ment in patients with stable angina pectoris in a randomized, placebo- controlled, multicenter study. Am J Ther 2005;12:35- 42.

213. Chaitman BR, Skettino SL, Parker JO, Hanley P, Meluzin J, Kuch J, Pepine CJ, Wang W, Nelson JJ, Hebert DA, Wolff AA. Anti-ischaemic effects and long-term survival during ranolazine monotherapy in patients with chronic severe angina.J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1375-1382.

214. Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, Skopal J, Chumakova G, Kuch J, Wang W, Skettino SL, Wolff AA. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:309-316.

215. Messin R, Opolski G, Fenyvesi T, Carreer-Bruhwyler F, Dubois C, Famaey JP, Geczy J. Efficacy and safety of molsidomine once-a-day in patients with stable angina pectoris. Int J Cardiol 2005;98:79- 89.

216. Tolins M, Weir EK, Chesler E, Pierpont GL. СMaximalТ drug therapy is not necessarily optimal in chronic angina pectoris. J Am Coll Car�diol 1984;3:1051-1057.

217. Jackson G. Stable angina: maximal medical therapy is not the same as optimal medical therapy. Int J Clin Pract 2000;54:351.

218. Kaski JC, Valenzuela Garcia LF. Therapeutic options for the man�agement of patients with cardiac syndrome X. Eur Heart J 2001;22:283-293.

219. Botker HE, Sonne HS, Schmitz O, Nielsen TT. Effects of doxazosin on exercise-induced angina pectoris, STsegment depression, and insulin sensitivity in patients with syndrome X. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82:1352-1356.

220. Galassi AR, Kaski JC, Pupita G, Vejar M, Crea F, Maseri A. Lack of evidence for alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated mechanisms in the genesis of ischemia in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:264- 269.

221. Kaski, C J. Pathophysiology and management of patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms (cardiac syndrome X). Circulation 2004;109:568-572.

222. Sitges M, Heras M, Roig E, Duran M, Masotti M, Zurbano MJ, Roque M, Sanz G. Acute and mid-term combined hormone re�placement therapy improves endothelial function in post�menopausal women with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Eur Heart J 2001;22:2116-2124.

223. Rosano GM, Peters NS, Lefroy D, Lindsay DC, Sarrel PM, Collins P, Poole-Wilson PA. 17-beta-Estradiol therapy lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1500-1505.

224. Chevalier P, Dacosta A, Defaye P, Chalvidan T, Bonnefoy E, Kirkorian G, Isaaz K, Denis B, Touboul P. Arrhythmic cardiac arrest due to isolated coronary artery spasm: long-term outcome of seven re�suscitated patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:57-61.

225. Ricci DR, Orlick AE, Cipriano PR, Guthaner DF, Harrison DC. Altered adrenergic activity in coronary arterial spasm: insight into mechanism based on study of coronary hemodynamics and the electro�cardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1979;43:1073-1079.

226. Lablanche JM, Bauters C, McFadden EP, Quandalle P, Bertrand ME. Potassium channel activators in vasospastic angina. Eur Heart J 1993;14(Suppl. B):22-24.

227. Waters DD, Bouchard A, Theroux P. Spontaneous remission is a frequent outcome of variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;2:195- 199.

228. Rihal CS, Raco DL, Gersh BJ, Yusuf S. Indications for coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic stable angina: review of the evidence and methodological considerations. Circulation 2003;108:2439-2445

229. Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, Davis K, Killip T, Passamani E, Norris R et al. Effect of coronary artery graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collab�oration. Lancet 1994;344:563-570.

230. Jones RH, Kesler K, Phillips HR III, Mark DB, Smith PK, Nelson CL, Newman MF, Reves JG, Anderson RW, Califf RM. Long-term survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:1013-1025.

231. Myocardial infarction and mortality in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) randomized trial. N Engl J Med 1984;310:750-758.

232. Hoffman SN, TenBrook JA, Wolf MP, Pauker SG, Salem DN, Wong JB. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing coronary artery bypass graft with percutaneous transluminal coro�nary angioplasty: one- to 8 year outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1293-1304.

233. Hamm CW, Reimers J, Ischinger T, Rupprecht HJ, Berger J, Bleifeld W. A randomized study of coronary angioplasty compared with by�pass surgery in patients with symptomatic multivessel coronary disease. German Angioplasty Bypass Surgery Investigation (GABI). N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1037-1043.

234. Rodriguez A, Rodriguez Alemparte M, Baldi J, Navia J, Delacasa A, Vogel D, Oliveri R, Fernandez Pereira C, Bernardi V, OТNeill W, Palacios IF. Coronary stenting versus coronary bypass surgery in patients with multiple vessel disease and significant proximal LAD stenosis: results from the ERACI II study. Heart 2003;89:184-188.

235. Goy JJ, Eeckhout E, Moret C, Burnand B, Vogt P, Stauffer JC, Hurni M, Stumpe F, Ruchat P, von Segesser L, Urban P, Kappenberger L. 5 year outcome in patients with isolated proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis treated by angioplasty or left internal mammary artery grafting. A prospective trial. Circulation 1999;99:3255-3259.

236. Nilsson J, Algotsson L, Hoglund P, Luhrs C, Brandt J. Early mortality in coronary bypass surgery: the EuroSCORE versus The Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk algorithm. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:1235- 1239; discussion 1239-1240.

237. Cameron A, Davis KB, Green G, Schaff HV. Coronary bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery graftsЧeffects on survival over a 15-year period. N Engl J Med 1996;334:216-219.

238. van Dijk D, Nierich AP, Jansen EW, Nathoe HM, Suyker WJ, Diephuis JC, van Boven WJ, Borst C, Buskens E, Grobbee DE, Robles De Medina EO, de Jaegere PP. Early outcome after off-pump versus on-pump coronary bypass surgery: results from a randomized study. Circulation 2001;104:1761-1766.

239. Angelini GD, Taylor FC, Reeves BC, Ascione R. Early and midterm outcome after off-pump and on-pump surgery in Beating Heart Against Cardioplegic Arrest Studies (BHACAS 1 and 2): a pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2002; 359: 1194-1199.

240. Khan NE, De Souza A, Mister R, Flather M, Clague J, Davies S, Collins P, Wang D, Sigwart U, Pepper J. A randomized comparison of off-pump and on-pump multivessel coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2004;350:21-28.

241. Smith SC Jr, Dove JT, Jacobs AK, Kennedy JW, Kereiakes D, Kern MJ, Kuntz RE, Popma JJ, Schaff HV, Williams DO, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JP, Eagle KA, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gardner TJ, Gregoratos G, Russell RO, Smith SC Jr. ACC/AHA guidelines of percutaneous coronary interventions (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines)Чexecutive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:2215-2239.

242. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Guyatt GH. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus medical treatment for non-acute coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2000;321:73-77.

243. Parisi AF, Folland ED, Hartigan P. A comparison of angioplasty with medical therapy in the treatment of single-vessel coronary artery disease. Veterans Affairs ACME Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;326:10-16.

244. Folland ED, Hartigan PM, Parisi AF. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy for stable angina pectoris: outcomes for patients with double-vessel versus single-vessel coronary artery disease in a Veterans Affairs Cooperative randomized trial. Veterans Affairs ACME InvestigatorS. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1505-1511.

245. RITA-2 trial participants. Coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy for angina: the second Randomised Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA-2) trial. Lancet 1997;350:461-468.

246. Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV, van Boven AJ, Schwartz L, Title LM, Eisenberg D, Shurzinske L, McCormick LS. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:70-76.

247. Brophy JM, Belisle P, Joseph L. Evidence for use of coronary stents. A hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003;138: 777-786.

248. Al Suwaidi J, Holmes DR Jr, Salam AM, Lennon R, Berger PB. Impact of coronary artery stents on mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing a strategy of routine stenting with that of balloon angioplasty. Am Heart J 2004;147:815-822.

249. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin M, Colombo A, Schuler G, Barragan P, Guagliumi G, Molnar F, Falotico R. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1773-1780.

250. Silber S, Albertsson P, Aviles FF, Camici PG, Colombo A, Hamm C, Jorgensen E, Marco J, Nordrehaug JE, Ruzyllo W, Urban P, Stone GW, Wijns W. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions. The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:804-847.

251. Davies RF, Goldberg AD, Forman S, Pepine CJ, Knatterud GL, Geller N, Sopko G, Pratt C, Deanfield J, Conti CR. Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study 2 year follow-up: outcomes of patients randomized to initial strategies of medical therapy versus revascularization. Circulation 1997;95:2037-2043.

252. Pfisterer ME, Kiowski W, Brunner H, Burckhardt D, Burkart F. Longterm benefit of 1-year amiodarone treatment for persistent complex ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;87:309-311.

253. Hueb WA, Bellotti G, de Oliveira SA, Arie S, de Albuquerque CP, Jatene AD, Pileggi F. The Medicine, Angioplasty or Surgery Study (MASS): a prospective, randomized trial of medical therapy, balloon angioplasty or bypass surgery for single proximal left anterior descending artery stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1600- 1605.

254. The SoS Investigators. Coronary artery bypass surgery versus per�cutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (the Stent or Surgery trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:965-970.

255. Goy JJ, Kaufmann U, Goy-Eggenberger D, Garachemani A, Hurni M, Carrel T, Gaspardone A, Burnand B, Meier B, Versaci F, Tomai F, Bertel O, Pieper M, de Benedictis M, Eeckhout E. A prospective randomized trial comparing stenting to internal mammary artery grafting for proximal, isolated de novo left anterior coronary artery stenosis: the SIMA trial. Stenting versus Internal Mammary Artery. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:1116-1123.

256. Pocock SJ, Henderson RA, Rickards AF, Hampton JR, King SB III, Hamm CW, Puel J, Hueb W, Goy JJ, Rodriguez A. Meta-analysis of randomised trials comparing coronary angioplasty with bypass surgery. Lancet 1995;346:1184-1189.

257. The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) In�vestigators. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease. N Engl J Med 1996;335: 217-225.

258. Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE, Jatene A, Bonnier HJ, Schonberger JP, Buller N, Bonser R, van den Brand MJ, van Herwerden LA, Morel MA, van Hout BA. Comparison of coronary-artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1117-1124.

259. Joyce D, Loebe M, Noon GP, McRee S, Southard R, Thompson L, Skrabal C, Youker K, Torre-Amione G. Revascularization and ventricular restoration in patients with ischaemic heart failure: the STICH trial. Curr Opin Cardiol 2003;18:454-457.

260. Cleland JG, Freemantle N, Ball SG, Bonser RS, Camici P, Chattopadhyay S, Dutka D, Eastaugh J, Hampton J, Large S, Norell MS, Pennell DJ, Pepper J, Sanda S, Senior R, Smith D. The heart failure revascularisation trial (HEART): rationale, design and methodology. Eur J Heart Fail 2003;5:295-303.

261. Park SJ, Kim YH, Lee BK, Lee SW, Lee CW, Hong MK, Kim JJ, Mintz GS, Park SW. Sirolimus-eluting stent implantation for unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis: comparison with bare metal stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:351-356.

262. Flaherty JD, Davidson CJ. Diabetes and coronary revascularization. JAMA 2005;293:1501-1508.

263. Brooks RC, Detre KM. Clinical trials of revascularization therapy in diabetics. Curr Opin Cardiol 2000;15:287-292.

264. The BARI Investigators. 7 year outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) by treatment and diabetic status. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1122-1129.

265. Douglas PS, Ginsburg GS. The evaluation of chest pain in women. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1311-1315.

266. Lerner DJ, Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbid�ity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Am Heart J 1986;111:383-390.

267. Reunanen A, Suhonen O, Aromaa A, Knekt P, Pyorala K. Incidence of different manifestations of coronary heart disease in middle-aged Finnish men and women. Acta Med Scand 1985;218:19-26.

268. Smith WC, Kenicer MB, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Clark EC, Crombie IK. Prevalence of coronary heart disease in Scotland: Scottish Heart Health Study. Br Heart J 1990;64:295-298.

269. Mittelmark MB, Psaty BM, Rautaharju PM, Fried LP, Borhani NO, Tracy RP, Gardin JM, OТLeary DH. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:311-317.

270. Ford ES, Giles WH, Croft JB. Prevalence of nonfatal coronary heartdisease among American adults. Am Heart J 2000;139:371-377.

271. Campbell MJ, Elwood PC, Abbas S, Waters WE. Chest pain in women: a study of prevalence and mortality follow up in south Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health 1984;38:17-20.

272. Shaper AG, Cook DG, Walker M, Macfarlane PW. Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease in middle aged British men. Br Heart J 1984;51:595-605.

273. Philpott S, Boynton PM, Feder G, Hemingway H. Gender differences in descriptions of angina symptoms and health problems immediately prior to angiography: the ACRE study. Appropriateness of Coronary Revascularisation study. Soc Sci Med 2001;52:1565- 1575.

274. Chaitman BR, Bourassa MG, Davis K, Rogers WJ, Tyras DH, Berger R, Kennedy JW, Fisher L, Judkins MP, Mock MB, Killip T. Angiographic prevalence of high-risk coronary artery disease in patient subsets (CASS). Circulation 1981;64:360-367.

275. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, Mark DB, McCallister BD, Mooss AN, OТReilly MG, Winters WL, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Russell RO, Smith SC. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1531-1540.

276. Villareal RP, Wilansky WJ. Noninvasive diagnostic testing. In:Wilansky WJ (ed.), Heart Disease in Women. Philadelphia: Churchill Liv�ingstone; 2002. 149-157.

277. Osbakken MD, Okada RD, Boucher CA, Strauss HW, Pohost GM. Comparison of exercise perfusion and ventricular function imaging: an analysis of factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy of each technique. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;3:272-283.

278. Dodi C, Cortigiani L, Masini M, Olivotto I, Azzarelli A, Nannini E. The incremental prognostic value of pharmacological stress echo over exercise electrocardiography in women with chest pain of unknown origin. Eur Heart J 2001;22:145-152.

279. Cortigiani L, Dodi C, Paolini EA, Bernardi D, Bruno G, Nannini E. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography in women with chest pain and unknown coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1975-1981.

280. Melin JA, Wijns W, Vanbutsele RJ, Robert A, De Coster P, Brasseur LA, Beckers C, Detry JM. Alternative diagnostic strategies for coronary artery disease in women: demonstration of the usefulness and efficiency of probability analysis. Circulation 1985;71:535-542.

281. Clarke KW, Gray D, Keating NA, Hampton JR. Do women with acute myocardial infarction receive the same treatment as men? BMJ 1994;309:563-566.

282. Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM, Berkman LF, Horwitz RI. Sex differences in mortality after myocardial infarction. Is there evidence for an increased risk for women? Circulation 1995;91:1861-1871.

283. Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM, Yarzebski J, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ. Sex differences in 2-year mortality after hospital discharge for myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:173-181.

284. Roeters van Lennep JE, Zwinderman AH, Roeters van Lennep HW, Westerveld HE, Plokker HW, Voors AA, Bruschke AV, van der Wall EE. Gender differences in diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease from 1981 to 1997. No evidence for the Yentl syndrome. Eur Heart J 2000;21:911-918.

285. Daly CA, Clemens F, Sendon JL, Tavazzi L, Boersma E, Danchin N, Delahaye F, Gitt A, Julian D, Mulcahy D, Ruzyllo W, Thygesen K, Verheugt F, Fox KM. Gender differences in the presentation and mangement of stable angina from the Euro Heart Survey. Circulation 2006;113:490-498.

286. Haffner SM. Coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1040-1042.

287. Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Matthews DR, Holman RR. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ 1998;316:823-828.

288. Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Effects of diabetes and level of glycemia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The San Antonio Heart Study. Diab Care 1998;21:1167-1172.

289. Young LH, Jose P, Chyun D. Diagnosis of CAD in patients with diabetes: who to evaluate. Curr Diab Rep 2003;3:19-27.

290. Anand DV, Lim E, Lahiri A, Bax JJ. The role of non-invasive imaging in the risk stratification of asymptomatic diabetic subjects. Eur Heart J Published online ahead of print August 8, 2005; doi: 10. 1093/eurheartj/ ehi441.

291. Fang ZY, Sharman J, Prins JB, Marwick TH. Determinants of exercise capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab Care 2005;28: 1643-1648.

292. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Medical Guidelines for the management of diabetes mellitus: the AACE System of intensive diabetes self-management-2002 update. Endocr Pract Suppl; 8(suppl.):40-82.

293. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive bloodglucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-853.

294. Blendea MC, McFarlane SI, Isenovic ER, Gick G, Sowers JR. Heart disease in diabetic patients. Curr Diab Rep 2003;3:223-229.

295. Lernfelt B, Landahl S, Svanborg A. Coronary heart disease at 70, 75 and 79 years of age: a longitudinal study with special reference to sex differences and mortality. Age Ageing 1990;19:297-303.

296. Kurita A, Takase B, Uehata A, Maruyama T, Nishioka T, Sugahara H, Mizuno K, Isojima K, Satomura K. Painless myocardial ischemia in elderly patients compared with middle-aged patients and its relation to treadmill testing and coronary hemodynamics. Clin Cardiol 1991; 14:886-890.

297. LaCroix AZ, Guralnik JM, Curb JD, Wallace RB, Ostfeld AM, Hennekens CH. Chest pain and coronary heart disease mortality among older men and women in three communities. Circulation 1990;81:437-446.

298. Kasser IS, Bruce RA. Comparative effects of aging and coronary heart disease on submaximal and maximal exercise. Circulation 1969;39:759-774. 301. Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, Lasic Z, Iakovou I, Fahy M, Mintz GS, Lansky AJ, Moses JW, Stone GW, Leon MB, Dangas G. A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1393-1399.

299. Montamat SC, Cusack BJ, Vestal RE. Management of drug therapy in the elderly. N Engl J Med 1989;321:303-309.

300. Gundersen T, Abrahamsen AM, Kjekshus J, Ronnevik PK. Timololrelated reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients ages 65- 75 years surviving acute myocardial infarction. Prepared for the Norwegian Multicentre Study Group. Circulation 1982;66: 1179- 1184.

301. Metzger JP, Tabone X, Georges JL, Gueniche C, Detienne JP, Le Feuvre C, Vacheron A. Coronary angioplasty in patients 75 years and older; comparison with coronary bypass surgery. Eur Heart J 1994;15: 213-217.

302. Bonnier H, de Vries C, Michels R, el Gamal M. Initial and long-term results of coronary angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery in patients of 75 or older. Br Heart J 1993;70:122-125.

303. Mannheimer C, Camici P, Chester MR, Collins A, DeJongste M, Eliasson T, Follath F, Hellemans I, Herlitz J, Luscher T, Pasic M, Thelle D. The problem of chronic refractory angina; report from the ESC Joint Study Group on the Treatment of Refractory Angina. Eur Heart J 2002;23:355-370.

304. Yang EH, Barsness GW, Gersh BJ, Chandrasekaran K, Lerman A. Current and future treatment strategies for refractory angina. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:1284-1292.

305. Faircloth ME, Redwood SR, Marber MS. Strategies for refractory angina-electric not eclectic? Int J Clin Pract 2004;58:650-652.

306. Kim MC, Kini A, Sharma SK. Refractory angina pectoris: mechanism and therapeutic options. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:923-934.

307. Allen KB, Dowling RD, Angell WW, Gangahar DM, Fudge TL, Richenbacher W, Selinger SL, Petracek MR, Murphy D. Transmyocardial revascularization: 5-year follow-up of a prospective, randomized multicenter trial. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:1228-1234.

308. Schneider J, Diegeler A, Krakor R, Walther T, Kluge R, Mohr FW. Transmyocardial laser revascularization with the holmium:YAG laser: loss of symptomatic improvement after 2 years. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;19:164-169.

309. Schofield PM, Sharples LD, Caine N, Burns S, Tait S, Wistow T, Buxton M, Wallwork J. Transmyocardial laser revascularisation in patients with refractory angina: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353:519-524.

Документы

Информация

Автор

Название журнала

Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии

Статья