Статья
Сахарный диабет 2‑го типа и сердечная недостаточность: инновационные возможности управления прогнозом
В современном мире сахарный диабет (СД) 2‑го типа вышел за рамки профессиональных интересов одной специальности. СД 2‑го типа, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания и хроническая болезнь почек, рассматриваемые с позиций единого кардиорено-метаболического континуума, ложатся тяжким экономическим бременем на общество. В то же время совершенствование методов диагностики и медицинских технологий привело к отчетливому снижению частоты и смертности от ряда осложнений СД 2‑го типа, включая инфаркт миокарда и инсульт, но их место заняли иные состояния. Так, сердечная недостаточность (СН) при СД 2‑го типа заняла позицию одного из самых частых осложнений с распространенностью в среднем 24–40 %. У пациентов с СД 2‑го типа установлена неоднородность СН со значительным преобладанием СН с сохраненной фракцией выброса (СН-сФВ) с формированием ее новой парадигмы. Согласно этой парадигме СН-сФВ представляет собой системное заболевание, центральным звеном которого является нарушение функции почек. Все это в совокупности обладает потенциальным значением при выборе оптимальной терапии. В последние годы стали известны результаты исследований сердечно-сосудистой безопасности сахароснижающих препаратов из групп ингибиторов дипептилпептидазы-4, агонистов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 и ингибиторов натрий-глюкозного котранспортера 2‑го типа (иНГЛТ2). Данные препараты, кроме иНГЛТ2, по механизму своего действия влияющие на инсулинорезистентность и гипергликемию, продемонстрировали нейтральный или отрицательный результат влияния на частоту госпитализаций из‑за СН. Исследование EMPA-REG OUTCOME с иНГЛТ2, обладающим особым инсулиннезависимым механизмом действия, продемонстрировало снижение не только сердечно-сосудистой смертности на 38 %, но и частоты госпитализаций по поводу СН на 35 %. Дальнейшие исследования с иНГЛТ2 подтвердили положительное влияние на СН, свидетельствуя о класс-эффекте препаратов. Завершившееся недавно исследование DECLARE-TIMI 58 убедительно доказало преимущества применения дапаглифлозина с целью первичной и вторичной профилактики СН. В настоящем обзоре освещены вопросы распространенности СН при СД 2‑го типа, новой концепции патофизиологии СН, рассмотрены основные группы сахароснижающих препаратов и их влияние на сердечно-сосудистые исходы, в частности на СН.
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