Статья
The Clinical use of Stress Echocardiography in Ischemic Heart Disease Cardiovascular Ultrasound (2017)15:7. Перевод: Арыстан А. Ж., Фетцер Д. В.,Клиническое применение стресс-эхокардиографии при ишемической болезни сердца
В настоящем обзоре литературы представлена полная современная информация по применению стресс-эхокардиографии при ишемической болезни сердца с учетом патофизиологических звеньев ишемии, методов диагностики, выбора вида исследования, преимуществ и недостатков различных видов стресс-тестов, механизмов их действия. В статье подробно описана методика проведения исследования, показания, противопоказания, его диагностическая и прогностическая ценность. Кроме того, описаны отдельные группы пациентов с особенностями проведения теста и интерпретации его результатов. В работе собраны все необходимые сведения по данному исследованию. Статья будет полезна для терапевтов, кардиологов, врачей функциональной диагностики, интервенционных кардиологов, рентгенэндоваскулярных специалистов и кардиохирургов.
1. Picano E. Stress echocardiography. 6th ed. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag 2015;696с.
2. Picano E. Dipyridamole-echocardiography test: historical background and physiologic basis. Eur Heart J 1989;10:365–376.
3. Ross Jr J. Mechanisms of regional ischaemia and antianginal drug action during exercise. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1989;31:455–466.
4. Gallagher K.P., Matsuzaki M., Koziol J.A. et al. Regional myocardial perfusion and wall thickening during ischaemia in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1984;247:H727–738.
5. Picano E., Lattanzi F., Masini M. et al. Usefulness of a high-dose dipyridamole-echocardiography test for diagnosis of syndrome X. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:508–512.
6. Kaski J.C., Rosano G.M., Collins P. et al. Cardiac syndrome X: clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term followup study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:807–814.
7. Palinkas A., Toth E., Amyot R. et al. The value of ECG and echocardiography during stress testing for identifyingsystemic endothelial dysfunction and epicardial artery stenosis. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1587–1595.
8. Camici P.G., Gistri R., Lorenzoni R. et al. Coronary reserve and exercise ECG in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Circulation 1992;86:179–186.
9. Nihoyannopoulos P., Kaski J.-C., Crake T., Maseri A. Absence of myocardial dysfunction during stress in patients with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1463–1470.
10. Picano E., Palinkas A., Amyot R. Diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2001;19:1177–1183.
11. Sicari R., Nihoyannopoulos P., Evangelista A. et al. Stress echocardiography expert consensus statement. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008;9:415–437.
12. Peteiro J., Bouzas-Mosquera A., Estevez R. et al. Head-to-head comparison of peak supine bicycle exercise echocardiography and treadmill exercise echocardiographyat peak and at post-exercise for the detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012;25:319–326.
13. Piérard L.A. Echocardiographic monitoring throughout exercise better than the post-treadmill approach? J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1864–1866.
14. Berthe C., Pierard L.A., Hiernaux M. et al. Predicting the extent and location of coronary artery disease in acute myocardial infarction by echocardiography during dobutamine infusion. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:1167–1172.
15. McNeill A.J., Fioretti P.M., El-Said S.M. et al. Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition of atropine to dobutamine stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:41–46.
16. Picano E., Simonetti I., Masini M. et al. Transient myocardial dysfunction during pharmacologic vasodilation as an index of reduced coronary reserve: a coronary hemodynamic and echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8(1):84–90.
17. Picano E., Lattanzi F., Masini M. et al. High dose dipyridamole echocardiography test in effort angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:848–854.
18. Picano E., Pingitore A., Conti U. et al. Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition of atropine to dipyridamole echocardiography. Eur Heart J 1993;14:1216–1222.
19. Dal Porto R., Faletra F., Picano E. et al. Safety, feasibility, and diagnostic accuracy of accelerated high-dose dipyridamole stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:520–524.
20. Zoghbi W.A., Cheirif J., Kleiman N.S. et al. Diagnosis ofischemic heart disease with adenosine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1271–1279.
21. Picano E., Alaimo A., Chubuchny V. et al. Noninvasive pacemaker stress echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40: 1305–1310.
22. Montalescot G., Sechtem U., Achenbach S. et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2949–3003.
23. Heijenbrok-Kal M.H., Fleischmann K.E., Hunink M.G. Stress echocardiography, stress single-photon-emission computed tomography and electron beam computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. Am Heart J 2007;154:415–423.
24. Picano E., Molinaro S., Pasanisi E. The diagnostic accuracy of pharmacological stress echocardiography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008;6:30.
25. Severi S., Picano E., Michelassi C. et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Comparison with exercise electrocardiography. Circulation 1994;89:1160–1173.
26. Lattanzi F., Picano E., Bolognese L. et al. Inhibition of dipyridamole-induced ischemia by antianginal therapy in humans. Correlation with exercise electrocardiography. Circulation 1991;83:1256–1262.
27. Sawada S.G., Ryan T., Conley M. et al. Prognostic value of a normal exercise echocardiogram. Am Heart J 1990;120:49–55.
28. Elhendy A., Shub C., McCully R.B. et al. Exercise echocardiography for the prognostic stratification of patients with low pretest probability of coronary artery disease. Am J Med 2001;111:18–23.
29. Marwick T.H., Case C., Vasey C. et al. Prediction of mortality by exercise echocardiography: a strategy for combination with the duke treadmill score. Circulation 2001;103:2566–2571.
30. Arruda-Olson A.M., Juracan E.M., Mahoney D.W. et al. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in 5,798 patients: is there a gender difference? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:625–631.
31. McCully R.B., Roger V.L., Mahoney D.W. et al. Outcome after abnormal exercise echocardiography for patients with good exercise capacity: prognostic importance of the extent and severity of exerciserelated left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardio 2002;39:1345–1352.
32. Jaarsma W., Visser C., Funke K.A. Usefulness of two-dimensional exercise echocardiography shortly after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:86–90.
33. Applegate R.J., Dell’italia L.J., Crawford M.H. Usefulness of twodimensional echocardiography during low-level exercise testing early after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Am J Cardio 1987;60:10–14.
34. Ryan T., Armstrong W.F., O’Donnel J.A., Feigenbaum H. Risk stratification following acute myocardial infarction during exercise twodimensional echocardiography. Am Heart J 1987;114:1305–1316.
35. Quintana M., Lindvall K., Ryden L., Brolund F. Prognostic value of predischarge exercise stress echocardiography after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:1115–1121.
36. Hoque A., Maaieh M., Longaker R.A., Stoddard M.F. Exercise echocardiography and thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography stress test for 5- and 10-year prognosis of mortality and specific cardiac events. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1326–1334.
37. Elhendy A., Mahoney D.W., Khandheria B.K. et al. Prognostic significance of the location of wall motion abnormalities during exercise echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1623–1629.
38. Mazur W., Rivera J.M., Khoury A.F. et al. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography: validation of a new risk index combining echocardiographic, treadmill, and exercise electrocardiographic parameters. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:318–325.
39. Marwick T.H., Case C., Short .L, Thomas J.D. Prediction of mortality in patients without angina: use of an exercise score and exercise echocardiography. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1223–1230.
40. Peteiro J., Monserrat L., Vazquez E. et al. Comparison of exercise echocardiography to exercise electrocardiographic testing added to echocardiography at rest for risk stratification after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:373–376.
41. Elhendy A., Mahoney D.W., Burger K.N. et al. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in patients with classic angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:559–563.
42. Garrido I.P., Peteiro J., García-Lara J. et al. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in patients with diabetes mellitus and known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:9–12.
43. Metz L.D., Beattie M., Hom R. et al. The prognostic value of normal exercise myocardial perfusion imaging and exercise echocardiography: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:227–237.
44. Mazeika P.K., Nadazdin A., Oakley C.M. Prognostic value of dobutamine echocardiography in patients with high pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardio 1993;71:33–39.
45. Poldermans D., Fioretti P.M., Boersma E. et al. Dobutamine–atropine stress echocardiography and clinical data for predicting late cardiac events in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Med 1994;97:119–125.
46. Marwick T.H., Case C., Sawada S. et al. Prediction of mortality using dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardio 2001;37:754–760.
47. Sicari R., Pasanisi E., Venneri L. et al., Echo Persantine International Cooperative (EPIC) Study Group; Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative (EDIC) Study Group. Stress echo results predict mortality: a large scale multicenter prospective international study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:589–595.
48. Carlos M.E., Smart S.C., Wynsen J.C., Sagar K.B.Dobutaminestress echocardiography for risk stratication after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997;18:1402–1410.
49. Pingitore A., Picano E., Varga A. et al. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: a prospective, large scale, multicenter, head-to-head comparison between dipyridamole and dobutamine test. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1769–1777.
50. Sicari R., Picano E., Landi P. et al. Prognostic value of dobutamineatropine stress echocardiography early after acute myocardial infarction. Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative (EDIC) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:254–260.
51. Poldermans D., Fioretti P.M., Boersma E. et al. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in 1737 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: a single-center experience. Circulation 1999;99:757–762.
52. Previtali M., Fetiveau R., Lanzarini L. et al. Prognostic value of myocardial viability and ischemia detected by dobutamine stress echocardiography early after acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:380–386.
53. Picano E., Severi S., Michelassi C. et al. Prognostic importance of dipyridamole-echocardiography test in coronary artery disease. Circulation 1989;80:450–457.
54. Picano E., Landi P., Bolognese L. et al. Prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography early after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: a largescale, multicenter trial. The EPIC Study Group. Am J Med 1993;95:608–618.
55. van Daele M.E., Mcneill A.J., Fioretti P.M. et al. Prognostic value of dipyridamole sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography and dipyridamole stress echocardiography for new cardiac events after an uncomplicated myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1994;7:370–380.
56. Neskovic A.N., Popovic A.D., Babic R. et al. Positive highdose dipyridamole echocardiography test after acute myocardial infarction is an excellent predictor of cardiac events. Am Heart J 1995;129:31–39.
57. Sicari R., Landi P., Picano E. et al. EPIC (Echo Persantine International Cooperative); EDIC (Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative) Study Group. Exercise-electrocardiography and/or pharmacological stress echocardiography for non-invasive risk stratication early after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. A prospective international large scale multicentre study. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1030–1037.
58. Cortigiani L., Bigi R., Sicari R. et al. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:605–610.
59. Sicari R., Cortigiani L., Bigi R. et al. The prognostic value of pharmacologic stress echo is affected by concomitant anti-ischemic therapy at the time of testing. Circulation 2004;109:2428–2431.
60. Picano E., Lucarini A.R., Lattanzi F. et al. Dipyridamoleechocardiography test in essential hypertensives with chest pain. Hypertension 1988;12:238–243.
61. Cortigiani L., Bigi R., Rigo F. et al. Diagnostic value of exercise electrocardiography and dipyridamole stress echocardiography in hypertensive and normotensive chest pain patients with right bundle branch block. J Hypertens 2003;21:2189–2194.
62. Senior R., Basu S., Handler C. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography for detection of coronary heart disease in hypertensive patients. Eur Heart J 1996;17:289–295.
63. Astarita C., Palinkas A., Nicolai E. et al. Dipyridamoleatropine stress echocardiography versus exercise SPECT scintigraphy for detection of coronary artery disease in hypertensives with positive exercise test. J Hypertens 2001;19:495–502.
64. Mancia G., De Backer G., Dominiczak A. et al. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2007;28:1462–1536.
65. Cortigiani L., Paolini E.A., Nannini E. Dipyridamole stress echocardiography for risk stratification in hypertensive patients with chest pain. Circulation 1998; 98:2855–2859.
66. Mondillo S., Agricola E., Ammaturo T. et al. Prognostic value of dipyridamole stress echocardiography in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, chest pain and resting electrocardiographic repolarization abnormalities. Can J Cardiol
67. ;17:571–577.
68. Cortigiani L., Coletta C., Bigi R. et al. Clinical, exercise electrocardiographic, and pharmacologic stress echocardiographic findings for risk stratification of hypertensive patients with chest pain. Am J Cardiol 2003;9:941–945.
69. Marwick T.H., Case C., Sawada S. et al. Prediction of outcomes in hypertensive patients with suspected coronary disease. Hypertension 2002;39:1113–1118.
70. Bigi R., Bax J.J., van Domburg R.T. et al. Simultaneous echocardiography and myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography associated with dobutamine stress to predict longterm cardiac mortality in normotensive and hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2005;23:1409–1415.
71. Sozzi F.B., Elhendy A., Rizzello V. et al. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with systemic hypertension and known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:733–739.
72. Cicala S., de Simone G., Roman M.J. et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of wall-motion abnormalities in adults without clinically recognized cardiovascular disease: the strong heart study. Circulation 2007;116:143–150.
73. Cortigiani L., Bigi R., Landi P. et al. Prognostic implication of stress echocardiography in 6214 hypertensive and 5328 normotensive patients. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1509–1518.
74. Hennessy T.G., Codd M.B., Kane G. et al. Evaluation of patients with diabetes mellitus for coronary artery disease using dobutamine stress echocardiography. Coron Artery Dis 1997;8:171–174.
75. Elhendy A., van Domburg R.T., Poldermans D. et al. Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients unable to perform an exercise stress test. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1797–1802.
76. Griffin M.E., Nikookam K., Teh M.M. et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography: false positive scans in proteinuric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus at high risk of ischaemic heart disease. Diabet Med 1998;15:427–430.
77. Young L.H., Wackers F.J., Chyun D.A. et al. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1547–1555.
78. Cortigiani L., Sicari R., Desideri A. et al, VIDA (Viability Identification With Dobutamine Administration) Study Group. Dobutamine stress echocardiography and the effect of revascularization on outcome in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:1038–1043.
79. Elhendy A., Arruda A.M., Mahoney D.W., Pellikka P.A. Prognostic stratification of diabetic patients by exercise echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1551–1557.
80. Bigi R., Desideri A., Cortigiani L. et al. Stress echocardiography for risk stratification of diabetic patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1596–1601.
81. Kamalesh M., Matorin R., Sawada S. Prognostic value of a negative stress echocardiographic study in diabetic patients. Am Heart J 2002;143:163–168.
82. Marwick T.H., Case C., Sawada S. et al. Use of stress echocardiography to predict mortality in patients with diabetes and known or suspected coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1042–1048.
83. Chaowalit N., Arruda A.L., McCully R.B. et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with diabetes mellitus: enhanced prognostic prediction using a simple risk score. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1029–1036.
84. van der Sijde J.N., Boiten H.J., Sozzi F.B. et al. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in diabetic patients with limited exercise capability: a 13-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 2012;35:634–639.
85. Cortigiani L., Bigi R., Sicari R. et al. Comparison of prognostic value of pharmacologic stress echocardiography in chest pain patients with versus without diabetes mellitus and positive exercise electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1744–1749.
86. Cortigiani L., Borelli L., Raciti M. et al. Prediction of mortality by stress echocardiography in 2835 diabetic and 11 305 nondiabetic patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;8:е002757.
87. Picano E., Vano E., Rehani M.M. et al. The appropriate and justified use of medical radiation in cardiovascular imaging: a position document of the ESC Associations of Cardiovascular Imaging, Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 2014;35:665–672.
88. Giri S., Shaw L.J., Murthy D.R. et al. Impact of diabetes on the risk stratification using stress single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2002;105:32–40.
89. Masini M., Picano E., Lattanzi F. et al. High-dose dipyridamole echocardiography test in women: correlation withexercise-electrocardiography testandcoronary arteriography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;12:682–685.
90. Marwick T.H., Anderson T., Williams M.J. et al. Exercise echocardiography is an accurate and cost-efficient technique for detection of coronary artery disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:335–341.
91. Elhendy A., van Domburg R.T., Bax J.J. et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis in women with limited exercise capacity: comparison of dobutamine stress echocardiography and 99mTc sestamibi single-photon emission CT. Chest 1998;114:1097–1104.
92. Cortigiani L., Sicari R., Bigi .R et al. Impact of gender on risk stratification by stress echocardiography. Am J Med 2009;122:301–309.
93. Cortigiani L., Dodi C., Paolini E.A. et al. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography in women with chest pain and unknown coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1975–1981.
94. Dodi C., Cortigiani L., Masini M. et al. The incremental prognostic value of stress echo over exercise electrocardiography in women with chest pain of unknown origin. Eur Heart J 2001;22:145–152.
95. Cortigiani L., Gigli G., Vallebona A. et al. The stress echo prognostic gender gap. Eur J Echocardiogr 2001;2:132–138.
96. Mairesse G.H., Marwick T.H., Arnese M. et al. Improved identification of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block by the use of dobutamine stress echocardiography and comparison with myocardial perfusion tomography. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:321–325.
97. Geleijnse M.L., Vigna G., Kasprzak J.D. et al. Usefulness and limitations of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1666–1673.
98. Cortigiani L., Picano E., Vigna C. et al. Prognostic value of pharmacologic stress echocardiography in patients with left bundle branch block. Am J Med 2001;110:361–319.
99. Fleisher L.A., Fleischmann K.E., Auerbach A.D. et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:e77–137.
100. Kristensen S.D., Knuuti J., Saraste A. et al. Authors/Task Force Members. 2014 ESC/ESA guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management: the Joint Task Force on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J 2014;35:2383–2431.
101. Tischler M.D., Lee T.H., Hirsch A.T. et al. Prediction of major cardiac events after peripheral vascular surgery using dipyridamole echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:593–597.
102. Sicari R., Picano E., Lusa A.M. et al. The value of dipyridamole echocardiography in risk stratification before vascular surgery. A multicenter study. The EPIC (Echo Persantine International Study) Group-Subproject: risk stratification before major vascular surgery. Eur Heart J 1995;16:842–847.
103. Rossi E., Citterio F., Vescio M.F. et al. Risk stratification of patients undergoing peripheral vascular revascularization by combined resting and dipyridamole echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:306–310.
104. Pasquet A., D’Hondt A.M., Verhelst R. et al. Comparison of dipyridamole stress echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy for cardiac risk stratification in vascular surgery patients. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:1468–1474.
105. Sicari R., Ripoli A., Picano E., on behalf of the EPIC study group et al. Perioperative prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography in vascular surgery: a large-scale multicenter study on 509 patients. Circulation 1999;100 Suppl 19:II269–74.
106. Zamorano J., Duque A., Baquero M. et al. Stress echocardiography in the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Are results comparable with dipyridamole versus dobutamine stress echo? Rev Esp Cardiol 2002;55:121–126.
107. Lane R.T., Sawada S.G., Segar D.S. et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of cardiac risk before noncardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:976–977.
108. Lalka S.G., Sawada S.G., Dalsing M.C. et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography as a predictor of cardiac events associated with aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg 1992;15:831–842.
109. Davila-Roman V.G., Waggoner A.D., Sicard G.A. et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts surgical outcome in patients with an aortic aneurysm and peripheral vascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:957–963.
110. Eichelberger J.P., Schwarz K.Q., Black E.R. et al. Predictive value of dobutamine echocardiography just before noncardiac vascular surgery. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:602–607.
111. Poldermans D., Fioretti P.M., Forster T. et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Circulation 1993;87:1506–1512.
112. Karagiannis S.E., Feringa H.H., Vidakovic R. et al. Value of myocardial viability estimation using dobutamine stress echocardiography in assessing risk preoperatively before noncardiac vascular surgery in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction
113. Das M.K., Pellikka P.A., Mahoney D.W. et al. Assessment of cardiac risk before nonvascular surgery: dobutamine stress echocardiography in 530 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1647–1653.
114. Beattie W.S., Abdelnaem E., Wijeysundera D.N., Buckley D.N. A meta-analytic comparison of preoperative stress echocardiography and nuclear scintigraphy imaging. Anesth Analg 2006;102:8–16.
115. Shaw L.J., Eagle K.A., Gersh B.J. et al. Meta-analysis of intravenous dipyridamole-thallium-201 imaging (1985 to 1994) and dobutamine echocardiography (1991 to 1994) for risk stratification before vascular imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:787–798.
116. Kertai M.D., Boersma E., Bax J.J. et al. A meta-analysis comparing the prognostic accuracy of six diagnostic tests for predicting perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Heart 2003;89:1327–1334.
117. Poldermans D., Arnese M., Fioretti P.M. et al. Sustained prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for late cardiac events after major noncardiac vascular surgery. Circulation 1997;195:53–58.
118. Sicari R., Ripoli A., Picano E., on behalf of the EPIC (Echo Persantine International Cooperative) Study Group et al. Longterm prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography in vascular surgery: a large-scale multicenter study. Coron Artery Dis 2002;13:49–55.
119. Luscher T.F., Gersh B., Landmesser U., Ruschitzka F. Is the panic about betablockers in peri-operative care justified? Eur Heart J 2014;35:2442–2444.
120. Picano E., Pasanisi E., Brown J. et al. A gatekeeper for the gatekeeper: inappropriate referrals to stress echocardiography. Am Heart J 2007;154:285–290.
121. Gibbons R.J., Miller T.D., Hodge D. et al. Application of appropriateness criteria to stress single-photon emission computed tomography sestamibi studies and stress echocardiograms in an academic medical center. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1283–1289.
122. Mansour I.N., Lang R.M., Aburuwaida W.M. et al. Evaluation of the clinical application of the ACCF/ASE appropriateness criteria for stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:1199–1204.
123. Cortigiani L., Bigi R., Bovenzi F. et al. Prognostic implication of appropriateness criteria for pharmacologic stress echocardiography performed in an outpatient clinic. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:298–305.
124. Smart S.C., Sawada S., Ryan T. et al. Low-dose dobutamine echocardiography detects reversible dysfunction after thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88:405–415.
125. Bax J.J., Cornel J.H., Visser F.C. et al. Prediction of recovery of myocardial dysfunction after revascularization. Comparison of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose/thallium201 SPECT, thallium-201 stress-reinjection SPECT and dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:558–564.
126. Bax J.J., Wijns W., Cornel J.H. et al. Accuracy of currently available techniques for prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction due to chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of pooled data. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1451–1460.
127. Picano E., Marzullo P., Gigli G. et al. Identification of viable myocardium by dipyridamole-induced improvement in regional left ventricular function assessed by echocardiography in myocardial infarction and comparison with thallium scintigraphy at rest. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:703–710.
128. Varga A., Ostojic M., Djordjevic-Dikic A. et al. Infra-low dose dipyridamole test. A novel dose regimen for selective assessment of myocardial viability by vasodilator stress echocardiography. Eur Heart J 1996;17:629–634.
129. Picano E., Ostojic M., Varga A. et al. Combined low dose dipyridamole-dobutamine stress echocardiography to identify myocardial viability. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1422–1428.
130. Hoffer E.P., Dewe W., Celentano C., Pierard L.A. Low-level exercise echocardiography detects contractile reserve and predicts reversible dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: comparison with low-dose dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:989–997.
131. Lu C., Carlino M., Fragasso G. et al. Enoximone echocardiography for predicting recovery of left ventricular dysfunction after revascularization: a novel test for detecting myocardial viability. Circulation 2000;101:1255–1260.
132. Ghio S., Constantin C., Raineri C. et al. Enoximone echocardiography: a novel test to evaluate left ventricular contractile reserve in patients with heart failure on chronic betablocker therapy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2003;1:13.
133. Baumgartner H., Porenta G., Lau Y.K. et al. Assessment of myocardial viability by dobutamine echocardiography, positron emission tomography and thallium-201 SPECT: correlation with histopathology in explanted hearts. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1701–1708.
134. Williams M.J., Odabashian J., Lauer M.S. et al. Prognostic value of dobutamine echocardiography in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:132–139.
135. Bax J.J., Poldermans D., Elhendy A. et al. Improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction, heart failure symptoms and prognosis after revascularization in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and viable myocardium detected by dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:163–169.
136. Meluzín J., Cerný J., Frélich M. et al. Prognostic value of the amount of dysfunctional but viable myocardium in revascularized patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:912–920.
137. Marwick T.H., Zuchowski C., Lauer M.S. et al. Functional status and quality of life in patients with heart failure undergoing coronary bypass surgery after assessment of myocardial viability. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:750–758.
138. Chaudry F.A., Tauke J.T., Alessandrini R.S. et al. Prognostic implications of myocardial contractile reserve in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:730–738.
139. Sicari R., Ripoli A., Picano E. et al. Study Group. The prognostic value of myocardial viability recognized by low dose dipyridamole echocardiography in patients with chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction. Eur Heart J 2001;22:837–844.
140. Sicari R., Picano E., Cortigiani L. et al. Study Group. Prognostic value of myocardial viability recognized by lowdose dobutamine echocardiography in chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1263–1266.
141. Senior R., Kaul S., Lahiri A. Myocardial viability on echocardiography predicts long-term survival after revascularization in patients with ischaemic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1848–1854.
142. Allman K.C., Shaw L.J., Hachamovitch R., Udelson J.E. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis inpatients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1151–1158.
143. Rizzello V., Poldermans D., Schinkel A.F. et al. Long term prognostic value of myocardial viability and ischaemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy undergoing coronary revascularisation. Heart 2006;92:239–244.
144. Ciampi Q., Pratali L., Citro R. et al. Identification of responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy by contractile reserve during stress echocardiography. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11:489–496.
145. Moonen M., Senechal M., Cosyns B. et al. Impact of contractile reserve on acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008;6:65.
146. Cortigiani L., Rigo F., Gherardi S. et al. Coronary flow reserve during dipyridamole stress echocardiography predicts mortality. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:1079–1085.
147. Cortigiani L., Rigo F., Gherardi S. et al. Additional prognostic value of coronary flow reserve in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with negative dipyridamole stress echocardiography by wall motion criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1354–1361.
148. Cortigiani L., Rigo F., Gherardi S. et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of Doppler echocardiographic coronary flow reserve in left anterior descending artery in hypertensive and normotensive patients. Heart 2011;97:1758–1765.
149. Rigo F., Sicari R., Gherardi S. et al. Prognostic value of coronary flow reserve in medically treated patients with left anterior descending coronary disease with stenosis 51%-75% in diameter. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1527–1531.
150. Cortigiani L., Rigo F., Gherardi S. et al. Prognostic implication of Doppler echocardiographic derived coronary flow reserve in patients with left bundle branch block. Eur Heart J 2013;34:364–373.
151. Sicari R., Rigo F., Cortigiani L. et al. Long-term survival of patients with chest pain syndrome and angiographically normal or near normal coronary arteries: the additional prognostic value of coronary flow reserve. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:626–631.
152. Cortigiani L., Rigo F., Gherardi S. et al. Prognostic meaning of coronary microvascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:742–748.
153. Gaibazzi N., Reverberi C., Lorenzoni V. et al. Prognostic value of high-dose dipyridamole stress myocardial contrast perfusion echocardiography. Circulation 2012;126:1217–1224.
154. Huang R., Abdelmoneim S.S., Nhola L.F., Mulvagh S.L. Relationship between HbA1c and myocardial blood flow reserve in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: noninvasive assessment using realtime myocardial perfusion echocardiography. J Diabetes Res 2014;2014:243518. DOI: 10.1155/2014/ 243518. Epub 2014 Jul 2.
155. Lowenstein J.A., Caniggia C., Rousse G. et al. Coronary flow velocity reserve during pharmacologic stress echocardiography with normal contractility adds important prognostic value in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1113–1119.
156. Sicari R., Rigo F., Gherardi S. et al. The prognostic value of Doppler echocardiographic-derived coronary flow reserve is not affected by concomitant antiischemic therapy at the time of testing. Am Heart J 2008;156:573–579.
157. Mor-Avi V., Lang R.M., Badano L.P. et al. Current and evolving echocardiographic techniques for the quantitative evaluation of cardiac mechanics: ASE/EAE consensus statement on methodology and indications endorsed by the Japanese Society of Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011;12:167–205.
158. Lang R.M., Badano L.P., Tsang W. et al. American Society of Echocardiography; European Association of Echocardiography. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;13:1–46.
159. Crouse L.J., Cheirif J., Hanly D.E. et al. Opacification and border delineation improvement in patients with suboptimal endocardial border definition in routine echocardiography: results of phase III Albunex multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1494–1500.
160. Fletcher G.F., Balady G.J., Amsterdam E.A. et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1694–1740.
161. Varga A., Garcia M.A., Picano E. et al. Safety of stress echocardiography (from the International Stress Echo Complication Registry). Am J Cardiol 2006;98:541–543.
162. Picano E., Marini C., Pirelli S. et al. Safety of intravenous high-dose dipyridamole echocardiography. The Echo-Persantine International Cooperative Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:252–258.
163. Picano E., Mathias Jr W., Pingitore A. et al. Safety and tolerability of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: a prospective, multicentre study. Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative Study Group. Lancet 1994;344:1190–1192.
164. Beckmann S., Haug G. National registry 1995–1998 on 150,000 stress echo examinations side effects and complications in 60,448 examinations of the registry 1997–1998. Circulation. 1999;100(Suppl):3401A.
165. Picano E., Pellikka P.A. Stress echo applications beyond coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2014;35:1033–1040.