Статья
Дисфункция левого предсердия (левопредсердная миопатия) не только является следствием нарушения диастолической функции левого желудочка, но и играет центральную роль в патофизиологии сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса (СНсФВ). Левопредсердная миопатия при СНсФВ ассоциируется с более тяжелым течением сердечной недостаточности и неблагоприятным прогнозом, и от ее выраженности во многом зависит выбор лечения. Эхокардиография позволяет точно оценить состояние левого предсердия, при этом показатели деформации его миокарда чувствительны к начальным функциональным нарушениям, позволяют улучшить диагностику СНсФВ и определить прогноз. В статье рассматриваются участие левого предсердия в наполнении левого желудочка, его статус при различных стадиях диастолической дисфункции левого желудочка, основные механизмы развития предсердной миопатии при СНсФВ и лечебные подходы к ее сдерживанию и реверсии.
1. Vasan RS, Xanthakis V, Lyass A, Andersson C, Tsao C, Cheng S et al. Epidemiology of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure in the Framingham Study. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2018;11(1):1–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.08.007
2. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, Böhm M et al. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(16):1451–61. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
3. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, de Boer RA, DeMets D, Hernandez AF et al. Dapagliflozin in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(12):1089–98. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206286
4. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Vaduganathan M, Claggett B, Jhund PS, Desai AS et al. Finerenone in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;391(16):1475–85. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2407107
5. Habibi M, Chahal H, Opdahl A, Gjesdal O, Helle-Valle TM, Heckbert SR et al. Association of CMR-Measured LA Function With Heart Failure Development. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2014;7(6):570–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.01.016
6. Melenovsky V, Hwang S-J, Redfield MM, Zakeri R, Lin G, Borlaug BA. Left Atrial Remodeling and Function in Advanced Heart Failure With Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2015;8(2):295–303. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001667
7. Hoit BD. Left Atrial Size and Function: role in prognosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2014;63(6):493–505. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.055
8. Savji N, Meijers WC, Bartz TM, Bhambhani V, Cushman M, Nayor M et al. The Association of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Traits With Incident HFpEF and HFrEF. JACC: Heart Failure. 2018;6(8):701–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.018
9. Von Bibra H, Paulus WJ, St. John Sutton M, Leclerque C, Schuster T, Schumm-Draeger P-M. Quantification of diastolic dysfunction via the age dependence of diastolic function – Impact of insulin resistance with and without type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Cardiology. 2015;182:368–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.005
10. Nayor M, Cooper LL, Enserro DM, Xanthakis V, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ et al. Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in the Community: Impact of Diagnostic Criteria on the Burden, Correlates, and Prognosis. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018;7(11):e008291. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.008291
11. Silbiger JJ. Pathophysiology and Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2019;32(2):216-232.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.11.011
12. Kitzman DW, Higginbotham MB, Cobb FR, Sheikh KH, Sullivan MJ. Exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular systolic function: Failure of the Frank-Starling mechanism. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1991;17(5):1065–72. DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90832-T
13. Овчинников А.Г., Агеев Ф.Т., Алёхин М.Н., Беленков Ю.Н., Васюк Ю.А., Галявич А.С. и др. Диастолическая трансторакальная стресс-эхокардиография с дозированной физической нагрузкой в диагностике сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса: показания, методология, интерпретация результатов. Кардиология. 2020;60(12):48-63. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.12.n1219
14. Pinamonti B, Di Lenarda A, Sinagra G, Camerini F. Restrictive left ventricular filling pattern in dilated cardiomyopathy assessed by doppler echocardiography: Clinical, echocardiographic and hemodynamic correlations and prognostic implications. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1993;22(3):808–15. DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90195-7
15. Shen MJ, Arora R, Jalife J. Atrial Myopathy. JACC: Basic to Translational Science. 2019;4(5):640–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.05.005
16. Freed BH, Shah SJ. Stepping Out of the Left Ventricle’s Shadow: Time to Focus on the Left Atrium in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017;10(4):e006267. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006267
17. Sartipy U, Dahlström U, Fu M, Lund LH. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure with preserved, mid-range, and reduced ejection fraction. JACC. Heart failure. 2017;5(8):565–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.05.001
18. Shah AM, Claggett B, Kitzman D, Biering-Sørensen T, Jensen JS, Cheng S et al. Contemporary Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation. 2017;135(5):426–39. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024825
19. Филатова А.Ю., Соболевская М.С, Потехина А.В., Свирида О.Н., Масенко В.П., Кузнецова Т.В. и др. Прогностическая роль растворимых биомаркеров воспаления и фиброза при СНсФВ: результаты ретроспективного когортного исследования. Кардиологический вестник. 2024;19(2):47-54. DOI: 10.17116/Cardiobulletin20241902147
20. Nonogi H, Hess OM, Ritter M, Krayenbuehl HP. Diastolic properties of the normal left ventricle during supine exercise. British Heart Journal. 1988;60(1):30–8. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.60.1.30
21. Cuocolo A, Sax FL, Brush JE, Maron BJ, Bacharach SL, Bonow RO. Left ventricular hypertrophy and impaired diastolic filling in essential hypertension. Diastolic mechanisms for systolic dysfunction during exercise. Circulation. 1990;81(3):978–86. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.81.3.978
22. Borlaug BA, Jaber WA, Ommen SR, Lam CSP, Redfield MM, Nishimura RA. Diastolic relaxation and compliance reserve during dynamic exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart. 2011;97(12):964–9. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.212787
23. Hoit BD. Evaluation of Left Atrial Function: Current Status. Structural Heart. 2017;1(3–4):109–20. DOI: 10.1080/24748706.2017.1353718
24. Takemoto Y, Barnes ME, Seward JB, Lester SJ, Appleton CA, Gersh BJ et al. Usefulness of Left Atrial Volume in Predicting First Congestive Heart Failure in Patients ≥65 Years of Age With Well-Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2005;96(6):832–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.031
25. Russo C, Jin Z, Homma S, Rundek T, Elkind MSV, Sacco RL et al. Left atrial minimum volume and reservoir function as correlates of left ventricular diastolic function: impact of left ventricular systolic function. Heart. 2012;98(10):813–20. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301388
26. Gottdiener JS, Kitzman DW, Aurigemma GP, Arnold AM, Manolio TA. Left Atrial Volume, Geometry, and Function in Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure of Persons ≥65 Years of Age (The Cardiovascular Health Study). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2006;97(1):83–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.126
27. Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, Anker SD, Donal E et al. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA–PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal. 2019;40(40):3297–317. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz641
28. Saraiva RM, Demirkol S, Buakhamsri A, Greenberg N, Popović ZB, Thomas JD et al. Left Atrial Strain Measured by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Represents a New Tool to Evaluate Left Atrial Function. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2010;23(2):172–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.003
29. Freed BH, Daruwalla V, Cheng JY, Aguilar FG, Beussink L, Choi A et al. Prognostic Utility and Clinical Significance of Cardiac Mechanics in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Importance of Left Atrial Strain. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2016;9(3):e003754. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003754
30. Santos ABS, Kraigher-Krainer E, Gupta DK, Claggett B, Zile MR, Pieske B et al. Impaired left atrial function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2014;16(10):1096–103. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.147
31. Santos ABS, Roca GQ, Claggett B, Sweitzer NK, Shah SJ, Anand IS et al. Prognostic Relevance of Left Atrial Dysfunction in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9(4):e002763. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002763
32. Obokata M, Negishi K, Kurosawa K, Arima H, Tateno R, Ui G et al. Incremental Diagnostic Value of LA Strain With Leg Lifts in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2013;6(7):749–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.04.006
33. Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, Abraham TP, Aurigemma G, Edvardsen T et al. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/ Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 2018;19(6):591–600. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey042
34. Singh A, Addetia K, Maffessanti F, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM. LA Strain for Categorization of LV Diastolic Dysfunction. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017;10(7):735–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.08.014
35. Grant C, Bunnell IL, Greene DG. The reservoir function of the left atrium during ventricular systole. The American Journal of Medicine. 1964;37(1):36–43. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(64)90210-4
36. Barbier P, Solomon SB, Schiller NB, Glantz SA. Left Atrial Relaxation and Left Ventricular Systolic Function Determine Left Atrial Reservoir Function. Circulation. 1999;100(4):427–36. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.100.4.427
37. Yoshida Y, Nakanishi K, Daimon M, Ishiwata J, Sawada N, Hirokawa M et al. Alteration of Cardiac Performance and Serum B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Level in Healthy Aging. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019;74(14):1789–800. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.080
38. Telles F, Nanayakkara S, Evans S, Patel HC, Mariani JA, Vizi D et al. Impaired left atrial strain predicts abnormal exercise haemodynamics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019;21(4):495–505. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1399
39. von Roeder M, Rommel K-P, Kowallick JT, Blazek S, Besler C, Fengler K et al. Influence of Left Atrial Function on Exercise Capacity and Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017;10(4):e005467. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005467
40. Lundberg A, Johnson J, Hage C, Bäck M, Merkely B, Venkateshvaran A et al. Left atrial strain improves estimation of filling pressures in heart failure: a simultaneous echocardiographic and invasive haemodynamic study. Clinical Research in Cardiology. 2019;108(6):703–15. DOI: 10.1007/s00392-018-1399-8
41. Tan YT, Wenzelburger F, Lee E, Nightingale P, Heatlie G, Leyva F et al. Reduced left atrial function on exercise in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction. Heart. 2010;96(13):1017–23. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2009.189118
42. Patel RB, Delaney JA, Hu M, Patel H, Cheng J, Gottdiener J et al. Characterization of cardiac mechanics and incident atrial fibrillation in participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study. JCI Insight. 2020;5(19):e141656. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141656
43. Nagueh SF. Non-invasive assessment of left ventricular filling pressure: Non-invasive estimation of LV filling pressure. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2018;20(1):38–48. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.971
44. Kurt M, Wang J, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Left Atrial Function in Diastolic Heart Failure. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2009;2(1):10–5. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.813071
45. Cameli M, Lisi M, Mondillo S, Padeletti M, Ballo P, Tsioulpas C et al. Left atrial longitudinal strain by speckle tracking echocardiography correlates well with left ventricular filling pressures in patients with heart failure. Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 2010;8(1):14. DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-8-14
46. Reddy YNV, Obokata M, Egbe A, Yang JH, Pislaru S, Lin G et al. Left atrial strain and compliance in the diagnostic evaluation of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019;21(7):891–900. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1464
47. Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Borlaug BA. Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Understanding Mechanisms by Using Noninvasive Methods. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020;13(1):245–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.12.034
48. Morris DA, Takeuchi M, Krisper M, Kohncke C, Bekfani T, Carstensen T et al. Normal values and clinical relevance of left atrial myocardial function analysed by speckle-tracking echocardiography: multicentre study. European Heart Journal -Cardiovascular Imaging. 2015;16(4):364–72. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu219
49. Singh A, Medvedofsky D, Mediratta A, Balaney B, Kruse E, Ciszek B et al. Peak left atrial strain as a single measure for the non-invasive assessment of left ventricular filling pressures. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. 2019;35(1):23–32. DOI: 10.1007/s10554-018-1425-y
50. Inoue K, Khan FH, Remme EW, Ohte N, García-Izquierdo E, Chetrit M et al. Determinants of left atrial reservoir and pump strain and use of atrial strain for evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 2021;23(1):61–70. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa415
51. Hoit BD, Shao Y, Gabel M, Walsh RA. Influence of pericardium on left atrial compliance and pulmonary venous flow. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1993;264(6 Pt 2):H1781–7. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpheart.1993.264.6.H1781
52. Hitch DC, Nolan SP. Descriptive analysis of instantaneous left atrial volume – with special reference to left atrial function. Journal of Surgical Research. 1981;30(2):110–20. DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(81)90002-0
53. Sanchis L, Andrea R, Falces C, Lopez-Sobrino T, Montserrat S, Perez-Villa F et al. Prognostic Value of Left Atrial Strain in Outpatients with De Novo Heart Failure. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2016;29(11):1035-1042.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.07.012
54. Coats AJS, Heymans S, Farmakis D, Anker SD, Backs J, Bauersachs J et al. Atrial disease and heart failure: the common soil hypothesis proposed by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal. 2022;43(9):863–7. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab834
55. Sanchis L, Gabrielli L, Andrea R, Falces C, Duchateau N, Perez-Villa F et al. Left atrial dysfunction relates to symptom onset in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 2015;16(1):62–7. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu165
56. Ovchinnikov AG, Potekhina AV, Borisov AA, Ibragimova NM, Yushchyuk EN, Masenko VP et al. The contribution of left atrial dysfunction to exercise intolerance in early heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020;21(Suppl 1):jez320. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez320
57. Reddy YNV, Obokata M, Wiley B, Koepp KE, Jorgenson CC, Egbe A et al. The haemodynamic basis of lung congestion during exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Heart Journal. 2019;40(45):3721–30. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz713
58. Obokata M, Olson TP, Reddy YNV, Melenovsky V, Kane GC, Borlaug BA. Haemodynamics, dyspnoea, and pulmonary reserve in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(30):2810–21. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy268
59. Patel RB, Shah SJ. Therapeutic Targeting of Left Atrial Myopathy in Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JAMA Cardiology. 2020;5(5):497–9. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0136
60. Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA, Rosen B, Hay I, Ferruci L, Morell CH et al. Cardiovascular Features of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Versus Non-failing Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in the Urban Baltimore Community: the role of atrial remodeling/ dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2007;49(2):198–207. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.050
61. Reddy YNV, El Sabbagh A, Packer D, Nishimura RA. Evaluation of shortness of breath after atrial fibrillation ablation – Is there a stiff left atrium? Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(6):930–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.01.029
62. Patel RB, Lam CSP, Svedlund S, Saraste A, Hage C, Tan R-S et al. Disproportionate left atrial myopathy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction among participants of the PROMIS-HFpEF study. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):4885. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84133-9
63. Reddy YNV, Carter RE, Obokata M, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2018;138(9):861–70. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646
64. Melenovsky V, Hwang S-J, Lin G, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Heart Journal. 2014;35(48):3452–62. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu193
65. Mohammed SF, Hussain I, AbouEzzeddine OF, Takahama H, Kwon SH, Forfia P et al. Right Ventricular Function in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Community-Based Study. Circulation. 2014;130(25):2310–20. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008461
66. Hussain I, Mohammed SF, Forfia PR, Lewis GD, Borlaug BA, Gallup DS et al. Impaired Right Ventricular–Pulmonary Arterial Coupling and Effect of Sildenafil in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: An Ancillary Analysis From the Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status And Exercise Capacity in Diastolic Heart Failure (RELAX) Trial. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9(4):e002729. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002729
67. Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Melenovsky V, Pislaru S, Borlaug BA. Deterioration in right ventricular structure and function over time in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. European Heart Journal. 2019;40(8):689–97. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy809
68. Santhanakrishnan R, Wang N, Larson MG, Magnani JW, McManus DD, Lubitz SA et al. Atrial fibrillation begets heart failure and vice versa: temporal associations and differences in preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Circulation. 2016;133(5):484–92. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018614
69. Zakeri R, Borlaug BA, McNulty SE, Mohammed SF, Lewis GD, Semigran MJ et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a RELAX trial ancillary study. Circulation. Heart Failure. 2014;7(1):123–30. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000568
70. Zakeri R, Chamberlain AM, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Temporal Relationship and Prognostic Significance of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Community-Based Study. Circulation. 2013;128(10):1085–93. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001475
71. Агеев Ф.Т., Овчинников А.Г. Давление наполнения левого желудочка: механизмы развития и ультразвуковая оценка. Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность. 2012;13(5):287-309
72. Reddy YNV, Obokata M, Verbrugge FH, Lin G, Borlaug BA. Atrial Dysfunction in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2020;76(9):1051–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.009
73. Deferm S, Bertrand PB, Verbrugge FH, Verhaert D, Rega F, Thomas JD et al. Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: JACC Review Topic of the Week. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019;73(19):2465–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.061
74. Ovchinnikov AG, Arefieva TI, Potekhina AV, Filatova AYu, Ageev FT, Boytsov SА. The Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Associated with a Microvascular Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Acta Naturae. 2020;12(2):40–51. DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10990
75. Goldberger JJ, Arora R, Green D, Greenland P, Lee DC, Lloyd-Jones DM et al. Evaluating the Atrial Myopathy Underlying Atrial Fibrillation: Identifying the Arrhythmogenic and Thrombogenic Substrate. Circulation. 2015;132(4):278–91. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016795
76. Bandera F, Martone R, Chacko L, Ganesananthan S, Gilbertson JA, Ponticos M et al. Clinical Importance of Left Atrial Infiltration in Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2022;15(1):17–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.06.022
77. Dumesnil JG, Gaudreault G, Honos GN, Kingma JG. Use of Valsalva maneuver to unmask left ventricular diastolic function abnormalities by Doppler echocardiography in patients with coronary artery disease or systemic hypertension. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1991;68(5):515–9. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90788-M
78. Pinamonti B, Zecchin M, Di Lenarda A, Gregori D, Sinagra G, Camerini F. Persistence of Restrictive Left Ventricular Filling Pattern in Dilated Cardiomyopathy: An Ominous Prognostic Sign. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997;29(3):604–12. DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00539-6
79. Овчинников А.Г., Азизова А.Г., Масенко В.П., Шаталина Л.С., Агеев Ф.Т. Влияние петлевых диуретиков на клиническое течение и давление наполнения ЛЖ у больных с компенсированной сердечной недостаточностью с сохранной фракцией выброса и высоким давлением наполнения ЛЖ. Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность. 2012;13(6):320-33
80. Trippel TD, Van Linthout S, Westermann D, Lindhorst R, Sandek A, Ernst S et al. Investigating a biomarker‐driven approach to target collagen turnover in diabetic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction patients. Effect of torasemide versus furosemide on serum Cterminal propeptide of procollagen type I (DROP‐PIP trial). European Journal of Heart Failure. 2018;20(3):460–70. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.960
81. Adamson PB, Abraham WT, Bourge RC, Costanzo MR, Hasan A, Yadav C et al. Wireless Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring Guides Management to Reduce Decompensation in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2014;7(6):935–44. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.001229
82. Feldman T, Mauri L, Kahwash R, Litwin S, Ricciardi MJ, van der Harst P et al. Transcatheter Interatrial Shunt Device for the Treatment of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (REDUCE LAP-HF I [Reduce Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure]): A Phase 2, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial. Circulation. 2018;137(4):364–75. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032094
83. Borlaug BA, Blair J, Bergmann MW, Bugger H, Burkhoff D, Bruch L et al. Latent Pulmonary Vascular Disease May Alter the Response to Therapeutic Atrial Shunt Device in Heart Failure. Circulation. 2022;145(21):1592– 604. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059486
84. Burkhoff D, Maurer MS, Joseph SM, Rogers JG, Birati EY, Rame JE et al. Left Atrial Decompression Pump for Severe Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC: Heart Failure. 2015;3(4):275–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.10.011
85. Simard T, Labinaz M, Zahr F, Nazer B, Gray W, Hermiller J et al. Percutaneous Atriotomy for Levoatrial–to–Coronary Sinus Shunting in Symptomatic Heart Failure. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2020;13(10):1236–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2020.02.022
86. Borlaug BA, Schaff HV, Asirvatham SJ, Koepp KE, Mauermann WJ, Rowse PG. Surgical pericardiotomy to treat heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a first clinical study. European Heart Journal. 2023;44(44):4719–21. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad620
87. Ovchinnikov A, Potekhina A, Arefieva T, Filatova A, Ageev F, Belyavskiy E. Use of Statins in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Current Evidence and Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(9):4958. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094958
88. Ovchinnikov AG, Dreeva ZV, Potekhina AV, Arefieva TI, Masenko VP, Ageev FT. Statins improves functional capacity and restores LV diastolic reserve in patients with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019;21(Suppl S1):418. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1488
89. Kolijn D, Pabel S, Tian Y, Lódi M, Herwig M, Carrizzo A et al. Empagliflozin improves endothelial and cardiomyocyte function in human heart failure with preserved ejection fraction via reduced proinflammatory-oxidative pathways and protein kinase Gα oxidation. Cardiovascular Research. 2021;117(2):495–507. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa123
90. Lee H-C, Shiou Y-L, Jhuo S-J, Chang C-Y, Liu P-L, Jhuang W-J et al. The sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin attenuates cardiac fibrosis and improves ventricular hemodynamics in hypertensive heart failure rats. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2019;18(1):45. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0849-6
91. Овчинников А.Г., Борисов А.А., Жеребчикова К.Ю., Рябцева О.Ю., Гвоздева А.Д., Масенко В.П. и др. Влияние эмпаглифлозина на переносимость нагрузки и диастолическую функцию левого желудочка у пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью с сохраненной фракцией выброса и сахарным диабетом типа 2: проспективное одноцентровое пилотное исследование. Российский Кардиологический Журнал. 2021;26(1):137-51. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4304
92. Rienstra M, Hobbelt AH, Alings M, Tijssen JGP, Smit MD, Brügemann J et al. Targeted therapy of underlying conditions improves sinus rhythm maintenance in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: results of the RACE 3 trial. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(32):2987–96. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx739
93. Cikes M, Claggett B, Shah AM, Desai AS, Lewis EF, Shah SJ et al. Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: The TOPCAT Trial. JACC: Heart Failure. 2018;6(8):689–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.005