Статья
Глобальные и национальные тренды эволюции инфекционного эндокардита
За последние 20 лет произошли существенные изменения всех аспектов инфекционного эндокардита (ИЭ) – эволюция факторов риска, модернизация методов диагностики, лечебных и профилактических подходов. Глобальные тенденции характеризуются ростом заболеваемости ИЭ среди лиц старше 65 лет и употребляющих внутривенные психоактивные препараты. Эпидемиологический тренд представлен уменьшением роли хронической ревматической болезни сердца и врожденных пороков сердца, увеличением доли ИЭ, ассоциированного с оказанием медицинской помощи, протезированием клапанов и установкой внутрисердечных устройств, а также ростом вклада Staphylococcus spp. и Enterococcus spp. в этиологии ИЭ. Важное значение приобретают дополнительные визуализирующие методы (позитронно-эмиссионная томография с флудезоксиглюкозой (18F-ФДГ ПЭТ/КТ), однофотонная эмиссионная компьютерная томография (ОФЭКТ/КТ) с меченными лейкоцитами) и модернизация алгоритма этиологической диагностики для определения истинного возбудителя (иммунохимические, полимеразная цепная реакция, секвенирование). Пандемия COVID-19 также внесла негативный вклад в эпидемиологию ИЭ. Обозначились новые перспективы лечения: бактериофаги, лизины, пероральные режимы антибактериальной терапии, малоинвазивные хирургические стратегии (чрескожная механическая аспирация), эндоваскулярная механическая эмболэктомия. Отмечается низкая приверженность врачей к клиническим рекомендациям (КР), что влияет на высокую частоту неблагоприятных исходов ИЭ, в то время как простое соблюдение КР с повышением роли хирургического лечения увеличивает выживаемость в два раза. Решающую роль для благоприятного прогноза динамично меняющегося ИЭ имеет методичное следование КР, своевременная профилактика и внедрение в практику «Команды эндокардита». В статье представлены собственные данные, подтверждающие тренды эволюции современного ИЭ.
1. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2020;76(25):2982–3021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
2. Yang X, Chen H, Zhang D, Shen L, An G, Zhao S. Global magnitude and temporal trend of infective endocarditis, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2022;29(8):1277–86. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab184
3. Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Оперативные демографические показатели. 2020. Доступно на: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/BgjLrP31/demogr_01-06.pdf
4. Lindner D, Fitzek A, Brauninger H, Aleshcheva G, Edler C, Meissner K et al. Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases. JAMA Cardiology. 2020;5(11):1281–5. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551
5. Kumanayaka D, Mutyala M, Reddy DV, Slim J. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection as a Risk Factor for Infective Endocarditis. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e14813. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14813
6. Sanghavi DK, Titus A, Caulfield TR, David Freeman W. Endotheliitis, endothelin, and endothelin receptor blockers in COVID-19. Medical Hypotheses. 2021; 150:110564. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110564
7. Benmalek R, Mechal H, Choukrallah H, Maaroufi A, Benouna EG, Habbal R et al. Bacterial co-infections and superinfections in COVID-19: a case report of right heart infective endocarditis and literature review. Pan African Medical Journal. 2020;35(Suppl 2):40. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.23577
8. Regazzoni V, Loffi M, Garini A, Danzi GB. Glucocorticoid-Induced Bacterial Endocarditis in COVID-19 Pneumonia – Something to Be Concerned About? Circulation Journal. 2020;84(10):1887. DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-20-0462
9. Cosyns B, Motoc A, Arregle F, Habib G. A Plea Not to Forget Infective Endocarditis in COVID-19 Era. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020;13(11):2470–1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.07.027
10. Schizas N, Michailidis T, Samiotis I, Patris V, Papakonstantinou K, Argiriou M et al. Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment of a Critically Ill Patient with Infective Endocarditis Due to a False-Positive Molecular Diagnostic Test for SARS-CoV-2. American Journal of Case Reports. 2020;21:e925931. DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.925931
11. Pommier T, Benzenine E, Bernard C, Mariet A-S, Béjot Y, Giroud M et al. Trends of Myocarditis and Endocarditis Cases before, during, and after the First Complete COVID-19-Related Lockdown in 2020 in France. Biomedicines. 2022;10(6):1231. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061231
12. Havers-Borgersen E, Fosbol EL, Butt JH, Petersen JK, Dalsgaard A, Kyhl F et al. Incidence of infective endocarditis during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A nationwide study. IJC Heart & Vasculature. 2020;31:100675. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100675
13. Noubiap JJ, Nkeck JR, Kwondom BS, Nyaga UF. Epidemiology of infective endocarditis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2022;10(1):e77–86. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00400-9
14. Urina-Jassir M, Jaimes-Reyes MA, Martinez-Vernaza S, Quiroga-Vergara C, Urina-Triana M. Clinical, Microbiological, and Imaging Characteristics of Infective Endocarditis in Latin America: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2022;117:312–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.022
15. Kumar RK, Antunes MJ, Beaton A, Mirabel M, Nkomo VT, Okello E et al. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatic Heart Disease: Implications for Closing the Gap: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;142(20):e337–57. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000921
16. Watkins DA, Johnson CO, Colquhoun SM, Karthikeyan G, Beaton A, Bukhman G et al. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease, 1990–2015. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377(8):713–22. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603693
17. Torbica A, Banks H, Valzania C, Boriani G, Fattore G. Investigating Regional Variation of Cardiac Implantable Electrical Device Implant Rates in European Healthcare Systems: What Drives Differences? Health Economics. 2017;26(1):30–45. DOI: 10.1002/hec.3470
18. Jensen AD, Bundgaard H, Butt JH, Bruun NE, Voldstedlund M, Torp-Pedersen C et al. Temporal changes in the incidence of infective endocarditis in Denmark 1997–2017: A nationwide study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2021; 326:145–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.10.029
19. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta J-P, Del Zotti F et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). European Heart Journal. 2015;36(44):3075–128. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319
20. Демин А.А., Кобалава Ж.Д., Скопин И.И., Тюрин В.П., Бойцов С.А., Голухова Е.З. и др. Инфекционный эндокардит и инфекция внутрисердечных устройств. Клинические рекомендации 2021. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2022;27(10):113-192. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5233
21. Ostergaard L, Valeur N, Ihlemann N, Smerup MH, Bundgaard H, Gislason G et al. Incidence and factors associated with infective endocarditis in patients undergoing left-sided heart valve replacement. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(28):2668–75. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy153
22. Моисеев В.С., Кобалава Ж.Д., Писарюк А.С., Мильто А.С., Котова Е.О., Караулова Ю.Л. и др. Инфекционный эндокардит: клиническая характеристика и исходы (7-летний опыт лечения и наблюдения в многопрофильной городской больнице). Кардиология. 2018;58(12):66-75. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2018.12.10192
23. Чипигина Н.С., Карпова Н.Ю., Аничков Д.А., Кондратьева Т.Б. Инфекционный эндокардит у пожилых – сравнительный анализ клиники, течения и исходов. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2020;16(2):166-74. DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2020-03-02
24. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M et al. Prevention of Infective Endocarditis: Guidelines From the American Heart Association: A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1736–54. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095
25. NICE. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures. Clinical guideline [CG64]. 2008. PMID: 21656971. [Internet] Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG64
26. DeSimone DC, Tleyjeh IM, Correa de Sa DD, Anavekar NS, Lahr BD, Sohail MR et al. Incidence of Infective Endocarditis Due to Viridans Group Streptococci Before and After the 2007 American Heart Association’s Prevention Guidelines: an extended evaluation of the Olmsted County, Minnesota, population and Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2015;90(7):874–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.019
27. Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, Donal E, Cosyns B, Laroche C et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. European Heart Journal. 2019;40(39):3222–32. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz620
28. Anguita P, Castillo JC, López-Aguilera J, Herrera M, Pan M, Anguita M. Changes in the microbiological etiology of infective endocarditis in our region in the last 3 decades (1987-2019). Revista Espanola de Cardiologia (English Edition). 2021;74(3):272–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.06.037
29. Escolà-Vergé L, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Larrosa MN, Fernandez-Galera R, Almirante B. Secular trends in the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis at a referral center (2007–2018). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2021;40(6):1137–48. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04117-x
30. Giannitsioti E, Pefanis A, Gogos C, Lekkou A, Dalekos GN, Gatselis N et al. Evolution of epidemiological characteristics of infective endocarditis in Greece. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021;106:213–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.009
31. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, Thuny F, Prendergast B, Vilacosta I et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. European Heart Journal. 2009;30(19):2369–413. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp285
32. Котова Е.О., Домонова Э.А., Караулова Ю.Л., Мильто А.С., Писарюк А.С., Сильвейстрова О.Ю. и др. Инфекционный эндокардит: значение молекулярно-биологических методов в этиологической диагностике. Терапевтический архив. 2016;88(11):62-7. DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2016881162-67
33. Котова Е.О., Домонова Э.А., Кобалава Ж.Д., Шипулина О.Ю., Караулова Ю. Л., Писарюк А. С. Инфекционный эндокардит неустановленной этиологии: возможности преодоления и роль микробиологистики. Кардиология. 2021;61(1):87–97. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2021.1.n1218
34. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG, Tleyjeh IM, Rybak MJ et al. Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1435–86. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000296
35. Асланиди И.П., Голухова Е.З., Пурсанова Д.М., Мухортова О.В., Шурупова И.В., Екаева И.В. и др. Анализ факторов, влияющих на точность результатов позитронно-эмиссионной томографии, совмещенной с компьютерной томографией, с 18F-фтордезоксиглюкозой при подозрении на инфекционный эндокардит протезированного клапана. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(12):32-9. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4764
36. Mahmood M, Kendi AT, Ajmal S, Farid S, O’Horo JC, Chareonthaitawee P et al. Meta-analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology. 2019;26(3):922–35. DOI: 10.1007/s12350-017-1092-8
37. Mikail N, Hyafil F. Nuclear Imaging in Infective Endocarditis. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;15(1):14. DOI: 10.3390/ph15010014
38. Boils CL, Nasr SH, Walker PD, Couser WG, Larsen CP. Update on endocarditis-associated glomerulonephritis. Kidney International. 2015;87(6):1241–9. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.424
39. Conlon PJ, Jefferies F, Krigman HR, Corey GR, Sexton DJ, Abramson MA. Predictors of prognosis and risk of acute renal failure in bacterial endocarditis. Clinical Nephrology. 1998;49(2):96–101. PMID: 9524779
40. Pisaryuk A, Povalyaev N, Sorokina M, Balatskiy A, Kotova E, Karaulova Y et al. SP246. Prevalence, clinical features and outcomes of acute kidney disease in infective endocarditis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2019;34(Suppl 1):gfz103.SP246. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz103.SP246
41. Povalyaev N, Pisaryuk A, Sorokina M, Teterina M, Balatskiy A, Belomyttsev S et al. 3329. Renal pathologic findings and clinical associations in patients with infective endocarditis. European Heart Journal. 2019;40(Suppl 1):ehz745.0081. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0081
42. Писарюк А.С., Замарашкина В.А., Сафарова Н.Б., Поваляев Н.М., Котова Е.О., Бабухина Ю.И. и др. Роль нарушений в системе гемостаза при инфекционном эндокардите: связь с возбудителем, биомаркеры, место антитромботической терапии (систематический обзор). Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2022;18(3):320-31. DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2022-06-14
43. Yucel E, Bearnot B, Paras ML, Zern EK, Dudzinski DM, Soong C-P et al. Diagnosis and Management of Infective Endocarditis in People Who Inject Drugs: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2022;79(20):2037–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.03.349
44. Huang G, Davis KA, Petty SA, Tan WA, Barnes EW, Peacock JE. Leftsided infective endocarditis in persons who inject drugs. Infection. 2020; 48(3):375–83. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01402-x
45. Pericas JM, Llopis J, Athan E, Hernandez-Meneses M, Hannan MM, Murdoch DR et al. Prospective Cohort Study of Infective Endocarditis in People Who Inject Drugs. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021;77(5):544–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.062
46. Kaura A, Byrne J, Fife A, Deshpande R, Baghai M, Gunning M et al. Inception of the ‘endocarditis team’ is associated with improved survival in patients with infective endocarditis who are managed medically: findings from a before-and-after study. Open Heart. 2017;4(2):e000699. DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2017-000699
47. Ruch Y, Mazzucotelli J-P, Lefebvre F, Martin A, Lefebvre N, Douiri N et al. Impact of Setting up an “Endocarditis Team” on the Management of Infective Endocarditis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2019;6(9):ofz308. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz308
48. Weimer MB, Falker CG, Seval N, Golden M, Hull SC, Geirsson A et al. The Need for Multidisciplinary Hospital Teams for Injection Drug Use-related Infective Endocarditis. Journal of Addiction Medicine. 2022;16(4):375–8. DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000916
49. Ватутин Н.Т., Тарадин Г.Г., Чаус Е.А., Смирнова А.С. Инфекционный эндокардит у пожилых: от этиологических особенностей до лечения и профилактики. Российский Кардиологический Журнал. 2016;21(1):80-9. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2016-1-80-89
50. Ursi MP, Durante Mangoni E, Rajani R, Hancock J, Chambers JB, Prendergast B. Infective Endocarditis in the Elderly: Diagnostic and Treatment Options. Drugs & Aging. 2019;36(2):115–24. DOI: 10.1007/s40266-018-0614-7
51. Lomas JM, Martinez-Marcos FJ, Plata A, Ivanova R, Galvez J, Ruiz J et al. Healthcare-associated infective endocarditis: an undesirable effect of healthcare universalization. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2010;16(11):1683–90. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03043.x
52. Yang F, Zhang B, Yu J, Shao L, Zhou P, Zhu L et al. Epidemiology and the prognosis of healthcare–associated infective endocarditis in China: the significance of non-nosocomial acquisition. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2015;4(1):1–6. DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.38
53. Heldman AW, Hartert TV, Ray SC, Daoud EG, Kowalski TE, Pompili VJ et al. Oral antibiotic treatment of right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: Prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy. The American Journal of Medicine. 1996;101(1):68–76. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00070-8
54. Iversen K, Ihlemann N, Gill SU, Madsen T, Elming H, Jensen KT et al. Partial Oral versus Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment of Endocarditis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(5):415–24. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808312
55. Pries-Heje MM, Wiingaard C, Ihlemann N, Gill SU, Bruun NE, Elming H et al. Five-Year Outcomes of the Partial Oral Treatment of Endocarditis (POET) Trial. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;386(6):601–2. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2114046
56. Gilbey T, Ho J, Cooley LA, Petrovic Fabijan A, Iredell JR. Adjunctive bacteriophage therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Medical Journal of Australia. 2019;211(3):142-143.e1. DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50274
57. Petrovic Fabijan A, Lin RCY, Ho J, Maddocks S, Ben Zakour NL, Iredell JR et al. Safety of bacteriophage therapy in severe Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nature Microbiology. 2020;5(3):465–72. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0634-z
58. Fowler VG, Das AF, Lipka-Diamond J, Schuch R, Pomerantz R, Jauregui-Peredo L et al. Exebacase for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection and endocarditis. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2020;130(7):3750–60. DOI: 10.1172/JCI136577
59. Eisen DP, McBryde ES. An Association Between Aspirin Use in Human Cases of Infective Endocarditis and Reduced Systemic Embolism Is Shown in Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015;212(4):673–4. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv131
60. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Fleisher LA et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2017;70(2):252–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.011
61. George B, Voelkel A, Kotter J, Leventhal A, Gurley J. A novel approach to percutaneous removal of large tricuspid valve vegetations using suction filtration and veno-venous bypass: A single center experience. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 2017;90(6):1009–15. DOI: 10.1002/ccd.27097
62. Moriarty JM, Rueda V, Liao M, Kim GHJ, Rochon PJ, Zayed MA et al. Endovascular Removal of Thrombus and Right Heart Masses Using the AngioVac System: Results of 234 Patients from the Prospective, Multicenter Registry of AngioVac Procedures in Detail (RAPID). Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2021;32(4):549-557.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2020.09.012
63. Zern EK, Ramirez PR, Rubin J, Rosenfield K, Manning P, Raz Y et al. Severe Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis: a tale of 2 circuits. JACC: Case Reports. 2021;3(11):1343–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.06.023
64. Han H-C, Hawkins NM, Pearman CM, Birnie DH, Krahn AD. Epidemiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: incidence and risk factors. EP Europace. 2021;23(Suppl 4):iv3–10. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab042
65. Asundi A, Stanislawski M, Mehta P, Baron AE, Mull HJ, Ho PM et al. Real-world effectiveness of infection prevention interventions for reducing procedure-related cardiac device infections: Insights from the veterans affairs clinical assessment reporting and tracking program. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2019;40(8):855–62. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.127
66. Kewcharoen J, Kanitsoraphan C, Thangjui S, Leesutipornchai T, Saowapa S, Pokawattana A et al. Postimplantation pocket hematoma increases risk of cardiac implantable electronic device infection: A meta?analysis. Journal of Arrhythmia. 2021;37(3):635–44. DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12516
67. El-Chami MF, Bonner M, Holbrook R, Stromberg K, Mayotte J, Molan A et al. Leadless pacemakers reduce risk of device-related infection: Review of the potential mechanisms. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(8):1393–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.019
68. Ozaki S, Kawase I, Yamashita H, Uchida S, Takatoh M, Kiyohara N. Midterm outcomes after aortic valve neocuspidization with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2018;155(6):2379–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.01.087
69. Pirola S, Mastroiacovo G, Arlati FG, Mostardini G, Bonomi A, Penza E et al. Single Center Five Years’ Experience of Ozaki Procedure: Midterm Follow-up. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2021;111(6):1937–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.08.039
70. Чернов И.И., Энгиноев С.Т., Комаров Р.Н., Базылев В.В., Тарасов Д.Г., Кадыралиев К.Б. и др. Непосредственные результаты операции Ozaki: многоцентровое исследование. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(S4):13-8. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4157
71. Tissot-Dupont H, Casalta JP, Gouriet F, Hubert S, Salaun E, Habib G et al. International experts’ practice in the antibiotic therapy of infective endocarditis is not following the guidelines. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2017;23(10):736–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.03.007
72. Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA. 1997;277(22):1794–801. PMID: 9178793
73. Wilson WR, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Bolger AF, DeSimone DC, Kazi DS et al. Prevention of Viridans Group Streptococcal Infective Endocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(20):963–78. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000969
74. Botelho-Nevers E, Thuny F, Casalta JP, Richet H, Gouriet F, Collart F et al. Dramatic Reduction in Infective Endocarditis–Related Mortality With a Management-Based Approach. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009;169(14):1290–8. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.192
75. Chirillo F, Scotton P, Rocco F, Rigoli R, Borsatto F, Pedrocco A et al. Impact of a Multidisciplinary Management Strategy on the Outcome of Patients With Native Valve Infective Endocarditis. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2013;112(8):1171–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.060
76. Wahadat AR, Tanis W, Galema TW, Swart LE, van Leeuwen WJ, Verkaik NJ et al. The impact of the multidisciplinary Endocarditis Team on the management of infective endocarditis. Netherlands Heart Journal. 2023;31(1):29–35. DOI: 10.1007/s12471-022-01707-6